Table 4.
Clinical trials on COVID-19.
| Sr. No. | Drug | No. of Patients | Mechanism | Clinical Trials | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Chloroquine phosphate | 100 | Increase endosomal pH which is required for fusion of virus and cells, also interfere with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoVs | . ChiCTR2000029939 . ChiCTR2000029760 . C hiCTR2000029609 . C hiCTR2000029761 .ChiCTR2000029837 . C h iCTR2000029 9 . Chi CTR2000029826 . ChiCTR2000029803 |
In-vitro studies reveal that drug block the virus at micro molar concentration with half-cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 μM and half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.13 μM. Drug also improved symptoms of pneumonia in COVID-19 patients | Gao et al. (2020) |
| 2. | Shuanghuanglian oral liquid (SHL) | 3 | Mast cells stabilization by activation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter | ChiCTR2000029605 | Treated patients with COVID-19 but further clinical trials are required to evaluate its efficacy against COVID-19 | (Gao et al., 2017; Ni et al., 2020) |
| 3. | Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin | 36 | Hydroxyl chloroquine inhibit toll like receptors and stops dentric cell activation and result in antiinflammatory response while azithromycin inhibits protein synthesis (50S) and inhibits translation process in Mrna | Open-label non-randomized clinical trial | Hydroxychloroquine (600 mg) helped in combating COVID-19 and addition of azithromycin synergesis the effect | Gautret et al. (2020) |
| 4 | CamostatMesilate + Hydroxychloroquine | 334 | CamostatMesilate inhibits serine protease TMPRSS2 while Hydroxychloroquine interrupt the viral entry and replication through glycation of ACE2 receptotors | Randomized | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04338906) |
| 5 | Favipiravir | 100 | inhibits RNA polymerase | Randomized | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336904?cond=COVID-19&draw=2&rank=2) |
| 6. | Clevudine | 60 | Inhibiting the replication of viral genetic materials | Randomized | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04347915?cond = COVID-19&draw = 2&rank = 6) |
| 7. | Desferal | 50 | Inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication | Randomized | Ongoing trials | (Cinatl et al., 1994; Shakiba, 2020) |
| 8. | Losartan | 50 | decreases activation of nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases | Interventional | Ongoing trials | (Fedson et al., 2020; Salathe, 2020) |
| 9. | Ruxolitinib | 80 | Lower the hyperinflammation caused by the virus | Interventional | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04348071?cond = COVID-19&draw = 2&rank = 31) |
| 10. | Baricitinib | 80 | Lower the hyperinflammation caused by the virus | Interventional | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04340232?cond=COVID-19&draw=2&rank=32) |
| 11. | Dapagliflozin | 900 | SGLT-2 Inhibitors | Randomized | Ongoing trials | Kosiboro (2020) |
| 12. | Tocilizumab | 400 | IL-6 inhibitor | Interventional | Ongoing trials | Perrone (2020) |
| 13. | Ciclesonide | 141 | blocks coronavirus RNA replication by targeting viral NSP15 | Randomized | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04330586?cond=COVID-19&draw=2&rank=42) |
| Others | ||||||
| 1. | Convalescent Plasma | 55 | – | Interventional | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04343755?cond=COVID-19&draw=2&rank=19) |
| 2. | BCG Vaccine | 700 | – | Interventional | Ongoing trials | (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04348370?cond=COVID-19&draw=4&rank=614) |