Table 1.
In vitro studies on CPZ effect against coronavirus infection (Cong et al., 2018; Dyall et al., 2014, Dyall et al., 2017; de Wilde et al., 2014).
| Title | First author and year of publication | Tested virus (MOIa) | Cell line(s) | Starting time of incubation with CPZ | CPZ and viral incubation length | Significant inhibition of viral replication | EC50 | Cytotoxicity at EC50 or CC50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clathrin-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into target cells expressing ACE2 with the cytoplasmic tail deleted | Inoue et al., 2007 | SARS-CoV (MOI: 1) | Human hepatoma HepG2 | 1 h before infection | 36 h | Yes (20 μM) | Approximately 7 μM | Not evaluated |
| Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection | Dyall et al., 2014 | MERS-Cov (MOI: 0.1) and SARS-CoV (MOI: 1) | Vero E6 | MERS-CoV: 1 h before infection SARS-CoV: 2 h before infection |
2 days for both | Yes | MERS-CoV: 9.5 μM; SARS-CoV: 12.9 μM | Cytotoxicity at EC50 < 25% |
| Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture | de Wilde et al., 2014b | MERS-CoV (MOI: 0.005) and SARS-CoV (MOI: 0.005) | Huh7 and Vero E6 | 1 day after infection | 2 days (with Huh7 cells) and 3 days (with Vero E6 cells) | Yes | MERS-CoV: 4.9 ± 1.2) μM SARS-CoV: 8.8 ± 1.0) μM |
MERS-CoV: Huh7: 21.3 (1.0) μM SARS-CoV: 24.3 (1.1) μM |
| Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture | de Wilde et al., 2014 (Bis)b | MERS-CoV (MOI: 1) | Huh7 and Vero | 1 h before infection or 1 h after infection | 1 day | Yes | 2 log reduction of virus progeny titers (CPZ administered 1 h before infection) 0.5 to 1 log reduction (1 h after infection) |
|
| MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells | Cong et al., 2018 | MERS-CoV (MOI: 0.1) |
Human MDM and MDDC Vero E6 |
1 h before infection | 2 days | Yes | 13.58 μM in MDM and MDDC 9.5 μM in Vero E6 |
CC50: 25.64 μM in MDM and MDDC Cytotoxicity at EC50 < 25% in Vero E6 |
a
MOI: multiplicity of infection; ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; MDM: monocytes-derived macrophages; MDDC: monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
b
In the study by de Wilde et al., two types of experiments were performed, thus we used two lines to describe them.