Table 1. Characteristics of the Mother-Child Pairs Included in This Study .
| Characteristic | No. of participants (%) (n = 251)a |
|---|---|
| Child | |
| Age at follow-up, mean (SD), y | 4.5 (0.4) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 116 (46.2) |
| Female | 135 (53.8) |
| Ethnicity | |
| European | 236 (94.0) |
| Non-European | 15 (6.0) |
| Measurement at follow-up, mean (SD) | |
| Height, cm | 107.7 (5.0) |
| Weight, kg | 18.7 (2.7) |
| BMI | 16.0 (1.5) |
| Season at follow-up | |
| Spring | 82 (32.7) |
| Summer | 51 (20.3) |
| Autumn | 41 (16.3) |
| Winter | 77 (30.7) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |
| Systolic | 97.7 (8.2) |
| Diastolic | 54.0 (6.9) |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 68.6 (6.0) |
| Exposure to passive smoking | |
| Not exposed | 166 (66.1) |
| Exposed via one parent | 39 (15.5) |
| Exposed via both parents | 34 (13.5) |
| Information missing | 12 (4.9) |
| Mother | |
| Age at child’s birth, mean (SD), y | 29.9 (4.2) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, mean (SD) | 24.4 (4.7) |
| Smoking behavior during pregnancy | |
| Never smoked | 174 (69.3) |
| Stopped smoking before pregnancy | 43 (17.1) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 34 (13.5) |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | |
| Yes | 50 (19.9) |
| No | 196 (78.1) |
| Information missing | 5 (2.0) |
| Educational level | |
| Low (no high school diploma) | 14 (5.6) |
| Middle (high school diploma) | 59 (23.5) |
| High (college degree or higher) | 178 (70.9) |
| Father | |
| Educational level | |
| Low (no high school diploma) | 16 (6.4) |
| Middle (high school diploma) | 106 (42.2) |
| High (college degree or higher) | 118 (47.0) |
| Information missing | 11 (4.4) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (percentage) of participants. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100.