Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Authors, year	Country	Study design	Sample size, n	Technology used	Behaviors targeted	Outcomes measured	Participants
Evans et al, 2012 [31]	United States	Pilot	90	Text	Diet	Diet	Low-income, underserved pregnant women
Pollak et al, 2014 [32]	United States	Pilot	35	Text	Diet and physical activity	GWGa, diet and physical activity	BMI 25-40 kg/m2; gestation 12-21 weeks
Evans et al, 2015 [38]	United States	RCTb	996	Text	Diet	Diet	Military women; gestation <14 weeks
Smith et al, 2016 [39]	United States	RCT	51	Website	Physical activity	GWG, diet, and physical activity	Sedentary women; gestation 10-14 weeks
Choi et al, 2016 [33]	United States	Pilot	30	App	Physical activity	Physical activity	Physically inactive women; gestation 10-20 weeks
Willcox et al, 2017 [34]	Australia	Pilot	91	Text and website	Diet and physical activity	GWG, diet, and physical activity	BMI>25 kg/m2; gestation 10-17.6 weeks
Redman et al, 2017 [35]	United States	Pilot	54	App	Diet and physical activity	GWG	BMI>25 kg/m2; gestation 10.4-13.6 weeks
Hayman et al, 2017 [36]	Australia	Pilot	77	Website	Physical activity	Physical activity	Gestation 10-20 weeks
Huberty et al, 2017 [40]	United States	RCT	80	Text	Physical activity	Physical activity	Not meeting physical activity recommendations; gestation 8-16 weeks
Olson et al, 2018 [41]	United States	RCT	1689	Website	Diet and physical activity	GWG	BMI 18.5-35 kg/m2; gestation <20 weeks
Dahl et al, 2018 [37]	United States	Pilot	87	App	Diet and physical activity	GWG	BMI≥18.5 kg/m2; gestation <20 weeks

^aGWG: gestational weight gain.

^bRCT: randomized controlled trial.