Table 5.
Error analysis on our best-performing model (knowledge-joint).
| Entity/relation, Error category | Texta | Explanation | |
| Drug | |||
|
|
Abbreviation | Hyponatremia due to HCTZb | HCTZ—abbreviated drug |
|
|
Misspelled words | 30 units of Lantus in addition to humalong | Humalog is incorrectly written as humalong |
|
|
Short forms | She was given vanco | Vancomycin is expressed in shorthand |
|
|
Generic phrase | He was advised to not take any of his blood pressure medications | Antihypertensives are expressed through generic terms |
| Strength | |||
|
|
Contextual ambiguity | Patient received 1 unit of blood | Strength (1 unit) wrongly predicted as dosage; usually, the unit token is associated with dosage |
| Duration | |||
|
|
Colloquial language | Only take Hydroxyzine as long as your rash is itching | Duration is expressed colloquially |
| Drug − strength | |||
|
|
Intersentential | Continued Carvedilol. INRc initially slightly supratherapeutic, but then his home regimen of 4mg alternating with 2mg daily was started | Intersentential relation between carvedilol and 4 mg |
| Drug − ADEd ; Drug − reason | |||
|
|
Intersentential | He underwent coronary artery bypass x5, please see operative report for further details. He was transferred to the CSRUe on Neo with IABPf | Intersentential relation between neo and coronary artery bypass graft |
|
|
Generic terms | Start a baby aspirin every day to protect the heart | Reason is expressed in generic terms |
|
|
Abbreviation | Detrol was discontinued on suspicion that it might contribute to AMS | AMS has multiple possible expansions |
|
|
Procedure | Angioplasty of the left tibial artery; had been on Plavix prior to NSTEMIg | Procedure angioplasty is annotated as reason |
|
|
Contraindication | Avoiding NSAIDsh to prevent gastrointestinal bleed | Drug was not given to this patient |
|
|
Negated | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia negative | ADE thrombocytopenia is negated |
aItalics indicate text that contributes to the specified error category.
bHCTZ: hydrochlorothiazide.
cINR: international normalized ratio.
dADE: adverse drug event.
eCSRU: cardiac surgery recovery unit.
fIABP: intra-aortic balloon pump.
gNSTEMI: non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
hNSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.