Table 2.
Maternal characteristics
| Characteristics | Study group n = 131 |
Healthy controls n = 228 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Age, mean (SD), years | 30 (6.4) | 30 (5.9) | ns |
| Previous deliveries, mean (SD), n | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.1) | ns | |
| Previous pregnancies, mean (SD), n | 2 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | ns | |
| Primary education | 41 (31.2) | 18 (8) | < 0.001 | |
| Higher education | 32 (24.8) | 132 (58) | < 0.001 | |
| Employed | 40 (31) | 167 (73.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Married | 60 (45.7) | 170 (74.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Single | 71 (54.2) | 58 (25.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Concomitant somatic diseases | 92 (69.9) | 83 (36.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking | 45 (34.1) | 19 (8.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Pregnancy characteristics | Unknown LMP | 16 (12.2) | 6 (2.6) | < 0.05 |
| Did not seek ANC | 25 (19) | 3 (1.3) | < 0.05 | |
| ANC visits, mean (SD), n | 6 (4.1) | 8 (3.1) | < 0.05 | |
| Weight gain < 10 kg | 68 (51.9) | 36 (15.9) | < 0.05 | |
| UTIs | 5 (3.8) | 1 (0.4) | ns | |
| Pyelonephritis | 4 (3.1) | 1 (0.4) | ns | |
| Hypertension | 4 (3.1) | 12 (5.3) | ns | |
| Hypertension with eclampsia | 5 (3.8) | 6 (2.6) | ns | |
| GDM | 7 (5.3) | 10 (4.4) | ns | |
| Hospital admission | 73 (55.7) | 69 (30.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Vaginal delivery | 104 (79.4) | 175 (76.8) | ns | |
| Elective caesarean section | 11 (8.4) | 26 (11.4) | ns | |
| Emergency caesarean section | 16 (12.2) | 27 (11.8) | ns | |
| Epidural analgesia | 28 (21.4) | 63 (27.6) | ns |
Values are number (percentage) unless otherwise stated. LMP last menstrual period; ANC antenatal care; UTIs urinary tract infections; GDM gestational diabetes mellitus