Figure 4.

Nobiletin treatment inhibits aerobic glycolysis in TCA‐8113 and CAL‐27 cells. TCA‐8113 and CAL‐27 cells were incubated with 100 μmol/L nobiletin for 24 hr in the absence or the presence of 50 μmol/L Sp‐cAMP. Glucose consumption (a), lactate production (b), and pyruvate production (c) in the cell culture medium were analyzed. Data from three independent experiments are shown as mean ± SD. *p < .05 compared to control group. (d) Total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was assessed in TCA‐8113 and CAL‐27 cells. Data from three independent experiments were normalized to control group and are shown as mean ± SD. *p < .05 compared to control group. (e) A possible model indicating that nobiletin inhibits PKA/CREB signaling and thus contributes to the impeded glycolysis in OSCC cells