Table 1.
Some isolated/breeded sake yeasts or the mutants (1900s‐2010s)
| Strain a | Sources/ Breeding method | Isolation/breeding time (Reference) | Strain phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| K1−5 | Kiku‐Masamune, Gekkeikan, Sakura masamune brewery, etc./ Isolation |
1906–1924 (Gu, 2016) |
“Pure cultured yeast,” with improved fermentation property |
| K−6 |
Akita in the Tohoku area of Japan / Isolation |
1935 (Gu, 2016) | Fragrance of ethyl caproate and isoamyl acetate, strong fermentation, and excellent brewing quality |
| K−7 |
Miyasaka brewery / Isolation |
1946 (Gu, 2016) | Fragrance of ethyl caproate, strong fermentation, and excellent brewing quality |
| K−8 | K−6 mutant/ Isolation | 1970 (Gu, 2016) | More acid, Fragrance of ethyl caproate, higher fermentation temperature |
|
K−9 |
Kumamoto prefecture/Isolation | 1953 (Gu, 2016) | Low foam, Fragrance of ethyl caproate and isoamyl acetate |
| K−10 | Fermented mash in the Tohoku area of Japan/Isolation | 1951 (Gu, 2016) | Fragrance of ethyl caproate and isoamyl acetate; Less acid |
| K−11 | K−7 mutant/ Isolation | 1975 (Gu, 2016) | Slightly more acid; Less amino acids |
| K−12 | Miyagi Prefecture/ Isolation | 1965 (Gu, 2016) | Aromatic, fragrance of ginjo sake |
| K−13 | K−9 and K−10/ Hybridization | 1979 (Gu, 2016) | Aromatic, fragrance of junmai sake |
|
K−601; K−701; K−901; K1001. |
K−6, K−7, K−9, K−10/Mutagenizing | 1969 (Gu, 2016) | Nonfoam‐forming; Less acid and good aroma |
|
S−127; S−139 |
Shikoku sake brewery / Foam nonsticking |
1969 (Gu, 2016) | Nonfoam‐forming; More acid |
| AA−60 | K−11/ Mutagenizing | 1977 (Gu, 2016) | Ethanol‐resistant and nonfoam‐forming |
|
M9−4; M9−6; M10−4; M10−5. |
K−9 and K−10 mutant/ Growth in a CAO medium b |
1993 (Kitamoto et al., 1993) |
Nonurea production |
| S9arg | Niigata Ginjyo no. 9/ Growth in a CAO medium and Cerulenin resistance |
2017 (Kuribayashi et al., 2017) |
Nonurea production and improved ethyl caproate productivity |
| C−8 | G1103 mutant/ Mutagenizing by EMS and Leucine analog resistance |
1991 (Ichikawa et al., 1991) |
Improved ethyl caproate and caproic acid productivity |
| F−3; F−7. | S. cerevisiae RIB6002 and RIB6006/ Mutagenizing by EMS and Leucine analog resistance |
1987 (Ashida et al., 1987) |
Improved isoamyl acetate productivity |
|
P33−17; P43−17. |
K901/ Mutagenizing by EMS |
2000 (Arikawa et al., 2000) |
Improved isoamyl acetate productivity |
| K7‐VPALS | K−7/ Growth in a valproic acid (VPA) containing medium |
2017 (Tomimoto et al., 2017) |
Improved isoamyl acetate productivity and lower isoamyl alcohol content |
| FAS2−1250S | K−7/ Self‐cloning | 1999 (Akada et al., 1999) |
Ethyl caproate‐overproducing |
| TDH3p‐ATF1 | K−7/ Self‐cloning |
2004 (Hirosawa et al., 2004) |
Isoamylacetate‐overproducing |
|
K−901‐mril‐SC‐D; K−901‐mril‐SC‐M. |
K901/ Self‐cloning |
2018 (Ikeda et al., 2018) |
Low productivity of the DMTS‐P1 and DMTS c |
K1‐5: Kyokai no. 1–5; K‐6: Kyokai no. 6, and so on.
CAO medium: a medium contains canavanine, arginine, and ornithine.
DMTS‐P1: 1, 2‐dihydroxy‐5‐(methylsulfoxide) pentan‐3‐one; DMTS:. dimethyl trisulfide.