Determination of free amino acids, organic acids, and nucleotides in 29 elegant spices

Compounds	Content (g/kg)
Compounds	Curry	Kaempferia	Laurel	Licorice	Pomegrantate	Sweet marjoram
Free amino acids
Asp	0.17 ± 0.01^cd	0.39 ± 0.01^f	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.56 ± 0.01^g	0.75 ± 0.02ⁱ	0.28 ± 0.01^ef
Glu	0.06 ± 0.00^bc	0.16 ± 0.00^d	0	0.37 ± 0.00^f	0.06 ± 0.00^bc	10.85 ± 0.30^m
Total	0.23 ± 0.01^cd	0.55 ± 0.01^h	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.93 ± 0.01^k	0.81 ± 0.02ⁱ	11.12 ± 0.31^m
Ser	0.11 ± 0.01^bc	0.04 ± 0.00^a	0	4.86 ± 0.14^k	0.03 ± 0.00^a	1.12 ± 0.01ⁱ
Ala	0.15 ± 0.00^ef	0.11 ± 0.00^e	0.17 ± 0.01^fg	0.32 ± 0.01ⁱ	0.07 ± 0.00^d	0.25 ± 0.00^h
Gly	nd	nd	nd	0.14 ± 0.01^f	0.03 ± 0.00^c	nd
Thr	nd	nd	nd	1.42 ± 0.04^f	nd	nd
Total	0.27 ± 0.01^cde	0.15 ± 0.01^bcd	0.17 ± 0.01^bcd	6.74 ± 0.20^p	0.12 ± 0.01^bc	1.36 ± 0.02^kl
Arg	0.23 ± 0.01^e	0.41 ± 0.01^g	0.38 ± 0.01^g	10.49 ± 0.08^m	0.17 ± 0.01^cd	0.53 ± 0.01^h
His	nd	nd	nd	0.33 ± 7.41^c	nd	nd
Tyr	nd	nd	nd	0.31 ± 0.01^k	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.52 ± 0.01^l
Leu	nd	nd	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^c	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.04 ± 0.00^d
Val	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.14 ± 0.01^f	nd	0.34 ± 0.02ⁱ	nd	0.10 ± 0.00^de
Met	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.12 ± 0.01^gh	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.05 ± 0.00^bc	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.06 ± 0.00^c
Ile	nd	nd	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^b
Phe	nd	nd	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^a
Lys	nd	nd	nd	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.22 ± 0.02^g	0.02 ± 0.00^b
Pro	3.09 ± 0.08^m	0.04 ± 0.00^a	0.77 ± 0.03^h	6.38 ± 0.36ⁿ	0.22 ± 0.02^cd	0.57 ± 0.02^g
Total	3.36 ± 0.09ⁿ	0.71 ± 0.02^de	1.17 ± 0.04^ij	18.00 ± 0.48^r	0.67 ± 0.04^de	1.90 ± 0.06^l
Cys‐Cys	0.08 ± 0.00^f	nd	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.01 ± 0.00^a
Total free amino acids	3.93 ± 0.12^j	1.41 ± 0.04^de	1.36 ± 0.05^cd	25.72 ± 0.68^s	1.57 ± 0.08^ef	14.4 ± 0.38^r
Nucleotides
5'‐CMP	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.10 ± 0.00^c	0.24 ± 0.03^ef	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.10 ± 0.02^c
5'‐GMP	0.24 ± 0.01^g	0.07 ± 0.00^d	0.23 ± 0.03^g	0.4 ± 0.01ⁱ	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.17 ± 0.02^f
5'‐IMP	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.10 ± 0^e	0.10 ± 0.01^e	0.11 ± 0.00^f	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.19 ± 0.00^hi
5'‐AMP	0.41 ± 0.03^g	0.09 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.46 ± 0.01^h	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.23 ± 0.03^ef
Total nucleotides	0.70 ± 0.04^c	0.37 ± 0.01^b	0.57 ± 0.07^c	0.98 ± 0.02^de	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.68 ± 0.07^c
Organic acids
Malic acid	10.67 ± 0.34ⁱ	nd	2.46 ± 0.11^b	7.95 ± 0.40^j	nd	nd
Citric acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Lactic acid	12.37 ± 1.52^e	nd	7.54 ± 0.90^c	7.39 ± 0.96^c	5.64 ± 0.37^b	7.81 ± 0.65^c
Succinic acid	10.44 ± 1.52^c	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Oxalic acid	nd	11.35 ± 0.20^j	nd	6.81 ± 0.37^h	3.15 ± 0.32^d	7.83 ± 0.31ⁱ
Tartaric acid	14.61 ± 0.13^f	nd	nd	14.51 ± 0.12^f	0.90 ± 0.04^a	nd
Formic acid	4.02 ± 0.25^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Acetic acid	nd	nd	nd	6.76 ± 0.28^f	nd	nd
Propionic acid	12.84 ± 4.62^b	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Pyruvic acid	nd	4.79 ± 0.25^a	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ascorbic acid	6.94 ± 0.06^c	6.91 ± 0.63^c	0.36 ± 0.03^a	nd	nd	nd
Pyroglutamic acid	nd	nd	nd	0.33 ± 0.02^b	nd	nd
Total organic acids	71.90 ± 8.45ⁿ	23.04 ± 1.08^fg	10.36 ± 1.04^c	43.76 ± 2.13^l	9.68 ± 0.73^bc	15.64 ± 0.95^de

Compounds	Chinese mahogany	Sesame	Mango	Ajowan	Carambola	Cambodian cardamom
Free amino acids
Asp	0.37 ± 0.01^f	0.35 ± 0.00^ef	0.14 ± 0.00^c	0.15 ± 0.00^c	0.37 ± 0.02^f	0.65 ± 0.01^h
Glu	0.19 ± 0.01^d	0.43 ± 0.00^g	nd	nd	0.54 ± 0.01^h	0.27 ± 0.00^e
Total	0.56 ± 0.03^h	0.78 ± 0.01ⁱ	0.14 ± 0.00^bc	0.15 ± 0.00^bc	0.91 ± 0.03^jk	0.92 ± 0.01^jk
Ser	0.23 ± 0.01^cd	0.04 ± 0.00^a	nd	0.76 ± 0.02^h	0.57 ± 0.01^g	0.18 ± 0.01^cd
Ala	0.14 ± 0.01^ef	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.06 ± 0.00^c	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.65 ± 0.01^j	0.20 ± 0.01^g
Gly	0.02 ± 0.00^b	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Thr	0.17 ± 0.01^d	nd	nd	0.17 ± 0.00^d	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.05 ± 0.00^a
Total	0.56 ± 0.03^h	0.09 ± 0.00^bc	0.06 ± 0.00^b	0.96 ± 0.03^j	1.28 ± 0.02^k	0.43 ± 0.03^fg
Arg	0.29 ± 0.01^f	0.11 ± 0.00^b	0.05 ± 0.00^a	0.11 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.15 ± 0.01^bc
His	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Tyr	0.04 ± 0.00^b	nd	nd	0.07 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.06 ± 0.00^c
Leu	0.03 ± 0.00^c	nd	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.07 ± 0.00^f
Val	0.09 ± 0.00^d	0.02 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.12 ± 0.01^ef	nd	0.27 ± 0.01^h
Met	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.10 ± 0.00^ef	0.06 ± 0.00^c	nd	nd	0.12 ± 0.00^gh
Ile	nd	0.09 ± 0.00^e	nd	0.06 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^bc
Phe	nd	0.05 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.24 ± 0.00^e	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^a
Lys	0.05 ± 0.00^d	nd	nd	0.10 ± 0.00^e	nd	0.02 ± 0.00^b
Pro	0.74 ± 0.02^h	0.54 ± 0.01^g	0.13 ± 0.00^bc	6.38 ± 0.36ⁿ	0.15 ± 0.01^bc	0.08 ± 0.00^b
Total	1.29 ± 0.05^j	0.91 ± 0.02^fg	0.24 ± 0.01^b	7.12 ± 0.38^q	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.85 ± 0.03^ef
Cys‐Cys	0.04 ± 0.00^d	nd	nd	0.37 ± 0.01^j	nd	0.12 ± 0.02^g
Total free amino acids	2.45 ± 0.10ⁱ	1.78 ± 0.03^fg	13.00 ± 0.13^q	8.60 ± 0.42^m	2.33 ± 0.07^hi	2.31 ± 0.08^hi
Nucleotides
5'‐CMP	0.11 ± 0.00^c	nd	nd	0.18 ± 0.01^d	nd	0.34 ± 0.03^g
5'‐GMP	0.08 ± 0.01^d	0.03 ± 0^a	nd	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.06 ± 0.01^c
5'‐IMP	nd	0.16 ± 0.02^h	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.09 ± 0.00^d	0.08 ± 0.00^d	0.10 ± 0.01^e
5'‐AMP	0.92 ± 0.07ⁱ	0.47 ± 0.05^h	nd	nd	nd	0.14 ± 0^c
Total nucleotides	1.12 ± 0.09^ef	0.66 ± 0.07^c	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.33 ± 0.02^b	0.11 ± 0.00^a	0.64 ± 0.05^c
Organic acids
Malic acid	10.75 ± 0.99ⁱ	1.61 ± 0.15^a	nd	6.19 ± 0.44^e	2.65 ± 0.10^b	3.49 ± 0.02^c
Citric acid	nd	nd	3.59 ± 0.08^a	nd	nd	nd
Lactic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Succinic acid	nd	3.53 ± 1.00^b	nd	nd	nd	1.82 ± 0.26^a
Oxalic acid	0.92 ± 0.12^b	nd	nd	3.01 ± 0.22^d	1.81 ± 0.06^c	2.77 ± 0.22^d
Tartaric acid	28.98 ± 2.11^h	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.28 ± 0.05^a
Formic acid	10.36 ± 2.07^d	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Acetic acid	2.59 ± 0.39^a	4.50 ± 0.78^cd	2.70 ± 0.12^a	4.30 ± 0.56^cd	3.35 ± 0.32^b	4.03 ± 0.38^c
Propionic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Pyruvic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ascorbic acid	3.17 ± 0.39^d	nd	29.75 ± 0.77^f	nd	nd	nd
Pyroglutamic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Total organic acids	56.78 ± 6.09^m	9.63 ± 1.92^bc	36.04 ± 0.98^jk	13.50 ± 1.22^cd	7.81 ± 0.49^b	12.39 ± 0.92^cd

Compounds	Sweet flag	Juniper	Caper	Charvil	Parsley	Tamarind
Free amino acids
Asp	0.03 ± 0.00^ab	0.23 ± 0.09^de	1.24 ± 0.02^j	0.03 ± 0.00^ab	0.33 ± 0.00^ef	0.06 ± 0.00^ab
Glu	nd	nd	0.91 ± 0.00ⁱ	nd	nd	nd
Total	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.23 ± 0.09^cd	2.15 ± 0.02^h	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.33 ± 0.00^de	0.06 ± 0.00^a
Ser	0.10 ± 0.01^bc	nd	0.30 ± 0.03^de	0.31 ± 0.01^de	1.72 ± 0.09^j	0.32 ± 0.00^de
Ala	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.01 ± 0.00^a	1.70 ± 0.01^k	0.02 ± 0.00^a	2.79 ± 0.07^m	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Gly	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Thr	nd	nd	0.07 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.79 ± 0.01^e	0.11 ± 0.00^c
Total	0.14 ± 0.01^bc	0.01 ± 0^a	2.07 ± 0.04^m	0.33 ± 0.01^ef	5.30 ± 0.17^o	0.45 ± 0.01^fg
Arg	0.13 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.93 ± 0.00^k	nd	0.20 ± 0.01^de	1.06 ± 0.02^l
His	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.09 ± 0.00^b	nd
Tyr	nd	nd	0.10 ± 0.00^g	nd	0.24 ± 0.01^j	nd
Leu	nd	nd	0.08 ± 0.00^g	nd	0.35 ± 0.02^k	0.07 ± 0.00^f
Val	nd	nd	0.22 ± 0.00^g	0.02 ± 0^b	0.79 ± 0.01^l	nd
Met	0.22 ± 0.01ⁱ	nd	0.04 ± 0.01^b	nd	nd	0.13 ± 0.00^h
Ile	nd	nd	0.08 ± 0.00^e	nd	0.22 ± 0.01^g	0.05 ± 0.00^cd
Phe	nd	nd	0.09 ± 0.00^c	nd	0.56 ± 0.08^h	nd
Lys	0.06 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.09 ± 0.00^e	nd	0.55 ± 0.04ⁱ	0.02 ± 0.00^b
Pro	1.36 ± 0.07^k	0.07 ± 0.00^b	0.34 ± 0.01^ef	1.31 ± 0.03^k	0.80 ± 0.03^hi	0.28 ± 0.01^de
Total	1.78 ± 0.09^kl	0.07 ± 0.00^a	1.96 ± 0.03^l	1.31 ± 0.03^j	3.80 ± 0.21^o	1.61 ± 0.03^k
Cys‐Cys	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.21 ± 0.04ⁱ	0.03 ± 0.00^c
Total free amino acids	1.94 ± 0.10^gh	0.31 ± 0.09^a	6.17 ± 0.10^k	1.69 ± 0.04^fg	9.64 ± 0.42ⁿ	2.15 ± 0.05^hi
Nucleotides
5'‐CMP	0.01 ± 0.00^a	nd	1.01 ± 0.09ⁱ	nd	nd	nd
5'‐GMP	nd	0.07 ± 0.00^d	0.39 ± 0.04ⁱ	nd	0.61 ± 0.06^k	0.13 ± 0.01^e
5'‐IMP	0.09 ± 0.00^d	0.08 ± 0.00^d	1.16 ± 0.17^l	0.06 ± 0.01^c	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^b
5'‐AMP	nd	nd	0.16 ± 0.00^cd	nd	0.46 ± 0.07^h	nd
Total nucleotides	0.11 ± 0.01^a	0.15 ± 0.01^a	2.72 ± 0.29^h	0.07 ± 0.01^a	1.07 ± 0.13^de	0.16 ± 0.01^a
Organic acids
Malic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Citric acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Lactic acid	nd	nd	5.47 ± 0.53^b	nd	9.67 ± 1.11^d	4.45 ± 0.56^a
Succinic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Oxalic acid	23.85 ± 1.13^l	1.39 ± 0.11^bc	5.15 ± 0.12^f	7.97 ± 0.14ⁱ	2.76 ± 0.12^d	1.81 ± 0.16^c
Tartaric acid	nd	0.64 ± 0.04^a	8.50 ± 0.23^d	nd	nd	4.36 ± 0.46^c
Formic acid	nd	nd	7.33 ± 0.59^c	nd	nd	nd
Acetic acid	14.96 ± 0.83^g	2.18 ± 0.17^a	nd	nd	nd	nd
Propionic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Pyruvic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ascorbic acid	nd	2.22 ± 0.07^c	nd	nd	nd	nd
Pyroglutamic acid	nd	nd	3.60 ± 0.10^c	nd	nd	nd
Total organic acids	38.80 ± 1.96^k	6.42 ± 0.38^a	30.05 ± 1.56^hi	7.97 ± 0.14^b	12.44 ± 1.23^cd	10.62 ± 1.18^c

Compounds	Srilanka citronella	Cumin	Turmeric	Fenugreek	Tsao‐ko	Vanilla
Free amino acids
Asp	0.52 ± 0.04^g	0.32 ± 0.01^ef	0.17 ± 0.01^cd	0.34 ± 0.02^ef	0.75 ± 0.01ⁱ	0.10 ± 0.00^bc
Glu	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.12 ± 0.00^c	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.13 ± 0.00^c	0.11 ± 0.00^c	0.16 ± 0.00^d
Total	0.54 ± 0.04^gh	0.44 ± 0.01^ef	0.21 ± 0.01^c	0.46 ± 0.03^fg	0.86 ± 0.01^ij	0.25 ± 0.00^cd
Ser	0.09 ± 0.01^bc	0.06 ± 0^b	0.34 ± 0.01^ef	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^a	9.01 ± 0.42^l
Ala	nd	0.27 ± 0.01^h	0.16 ± 0.00^fg	0.25 ± 0.01^h	0.06 ± 0.00^c	0.18 ± 0.02^fg
Gly	nd	0.21 ± 0.01^g	nd	nd	nd	0.01 ± 0.00^a
Thr	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^a
Total	0.09 ± 0.01^bc	0.53 ± 0.02^h	0.51 ± 0.01^gh	0.25 ± 0.01^cde	0.09 ± 0.00^bc	9.24 ± 0.45^q
Arg	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.84 ± 0.03^j	nd	nd	nd	nd
His	nd	0.05 ± 0.00^a	nd	nd	nd	nd
Tyr	nd	0.57 ± 0.01^m	0.09 ± 0.00^f	nd	nd	nd
Leu	nd	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.11 ± 0.00^h	nd	nd	0.06 ± 0.00^e
Val	nd	0.45 ± 0.01^j	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.01 ± 0.00^a	0.04 ± 0.00^c	nd
Met	nd	0.66 ± 0.04^l	0.11 ± 0.01^fg	nd	0.09 ± 0.00^de	0.08 ± 0.00^d
Ile	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.04 ± 0.00^bc	nd	nd	0.02 ± 0.00^a
Phe	0.03 ± 0.00^a	0.04 ± 0.00^b	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^a	nd	nd
Lys	nd	0.02 ± 0.00^b	nd	nd	nd	0.03 ± 0.00^c
Pro	0.40 ± 0.04^fg	0.40 ± 0.02^fg	nd	0.96 ± 0.03^ij	0.51 ± 0.01^fg	0.05 ± 0.00^a
Total	0.56 ± 0.05^cd	3.08 ± 0.12^m	0.40 ± 0.01^c	1.00 ± 0.03^gh	0.63 ± 0.01^cd	0.24 ± 0.01^b
Cys‐Cys	0.05 ± 0.00^e	0.03 ± 0.00^c	nd	0.18 ± 0.01^h	nd	nd
Total free amino acids	1.23 ± 0.09^bc	8.12 ± 0.31^l	1.12 ± 0.03^b	1.89 ± 0.07^gh	1.58 ± 0.02^ef	9.74 ± 0.46^no
Nucleotides
5'‐CMP	0.38 ± 0.06^g	0.20 ± 0.01^de	0.28 ± 0.00^f	nd	0.04 ± 0.01^b	0.05 ± 0.00^b
5'‐GMP	nd	0.30 ± 0.05^h	0.15 ± 0.01^ef	nd	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.84 ± 0.02^l
5'‐IMP	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.24 ± 0.02ⁱ	0.39 ± 0.08^j	0.08 ± 0.00^d	0.06 ± 0.00^c	0.04 ± 0.00^c
5'‐AMP	nd	0.50 ± 0.08^h	0.20 ± 0.00^de	nd	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.03 ± 0.00^a
Total nucleotides	0.42 ± 0.06^bc	1.23 ± 0.17^f	1.02 ± 0.10^de	0.08 ± 0.00^a	0.19 ± 0.03^a	0.96 ± 0.03^d
Organic acids
Malic acid	nd	17.10 ± 0.88^j	nd	nd	7.35 ± 0.46^f	nd
Citric acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Lactic acid	nd	10.22 ± 0.33^d	7.31 ± 0.70^c	9.35 ± 0.27^d	15.42 ± 0.40^f	8.04 ± 0.53^c
Succinic acid	1.85 ± 0.36^c	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Oxalic acid	0.03 ± 0.00^a	1.56 ± 0.07^c	17.22 ± 0.28^k	nd	6.56 ± 0.27^h	1.01 ± 0.08^b
Tartaric acid	nd	nd	2.31 ± 0.13^b	13.72 ± 1.05^e	nd	nd
Formic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Acetic acid	5.49 ± 0.86^e	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.62 ± 0.75^a
Propionic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Pyruvic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ascorbic acid	nd	1.95 ± 0.13^c	nd	nd	0.85 ± 0.09^b	nd
Pyroglutamic acid	nd	0.03 ± 0.02^a	0.03 ± 0.02^a	nd	nd	nd
Total organic acids	7.37 ± 1.23^b	30.87 ± 1.43^hi	26.87 ± 1.12^gh	23.06 ± 1.33^fg	30.19 ± 1.22^hi	11.68 ± 1.36^cd

Compounds	Rosemary	Garden mint	Angelica	Wild thyme	Saffron
Free amino acids
Asp	0.36 ± 0.01^f	1.95 ± 0.18^l	1.52 ± 0.01^k	0.77 ± 0.05i	0.28 ± 0.01^ef
Glu	0.18 ± 0.00^d	1.26 ± 0.03^k	1.13 ± 0.01^j	7.29 ± 0.28^l	0.11 ± 0.01^c
Total	0.54 ± 0.01^gh	3.21 ± 0.21ⁱ	2.65 ± 0.01^h	8.06 ± 0.33^l	0.39 ± 0.01^ef
Ser	0.05 ± 0.00^b	0.76 ± 0.02^h	0.42 ± 0.00^f	0.36 ± 0.01^ef	1.19 ± 0.04ⁱ
Ala	0.05 ± 0.01^c	0.65 ± 0.01^j	0.68 ± 0.00^j	0.32 ± 0.00ⁱ	2.62 ± 0.10^l
Gly	nd	0.11 ± 0.01^e	0.12 ± 0.00^e	0.08 ± 0.00^d	nd
Thr	nd	nd	0.16 ± 0.00^d	nd	nd
Total	0.11 ± 0.01^bc	1.52 ± 0.04^l	1.39 ± 0.01^kl	0.76 ± 0.04ⁱ	3.82 ± 0.14ⁿ
Arg	0.80 ± 0.01ⁱ	0.41 ± 0.02^g	24.91 ± 0.04ⁿ	0.18 ± 0.06^cd	0.12 ± 0.01^b
His	nd	nd	0.53 ± 0.00^d	nd	1.93 ± 0.09^e
Tyr	nd	0.18 ± 0.00ⁱ	0.10 ± 0.00^g	0.08 ± 0.00^e	0.13 ± 0.01^h
Leu	nd	0.38 ± 0.01^l	0.14 ± 0.00ⁱ	0.07 ± 0.00^f	0.15 ± 0.00ⁱ
Val	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.58 ± 0.06^k	0.20 ± 0.00^g	nd	0.34 ± 0.01ⁱ
Met	0.09 ± 0.00^de	0.05 ± 0.01^bc	0.38 ± 0.01^k	nd	0.32 ± 0.02^j
Ile	nd	0.41 ± 0.04^h	0.21 ± 0.00^g	0.08 ± 0.00^e	0.12 ± 0.00^f
Phe	nd	0.42 ± 0.01^j	0.13 ± 0.00^d	nd	0.29 ± 0.01^f
Lys	nd	0.10 ± 0.00^e	0.26 ± 0.00^h	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.18 ± 0.01^f
Pro	0.21 ± 0.01^cd	1.03 ± 0.07^j	0.50 ± 0.00^fg	0.82 ± 0.03^hi	2.91 ± 0.05^l
Total	1.12 ± 0.02^hi	3.55 ± 0.23ⁿ	27.39 ± 0.07^s	1.25 ± 0.10^j	6.48 ± 0.19^p
Cys‐Cys	0.07 ± 0.00^f	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.17 ± 0.00^h	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.08 ± 0.00^f
Total free amino acids	1.84 ± 0.04^fg	8.31 ± 0.48^lm	31.59 ± 0.09^t	10.10 ± 0.46^o	10.77 ± 0.35^p
Nucleotides
5'‐CMP	0.16 ± 0.03^d	nd	0.49 ± 0.07^b	0.07 ± 0.01^bc	0.36 ± 0.04^g
5'‐GMP	0.50 ± 0.01^j	nd	0.21 ± 0.04^g	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.48 ± 0.02^j
5'‐IMP	0.13 ± 0.01^fg	0.41 ± 0.03^j	0.15 ± 0.00^gh	0.02 ± 0.00^a	0.58 ± 0.02^k
5'‐AMP	0.24 ± 0.02^ef	0.15 ± 0.01^c	0.14 ± 0.00^c	nd	0.26 ± 0.03^f
Total nucleotides	1.04 ± 0.08^de	0.55 ± 0.04^cd	0.99 ± 0.12^de	0.13 ± 0.01^a	1.67 ± 0.11^g
Organic acids
Malic acid	9.87 ± 0.98^h	nd	4.48 ± 0.29^d	4.45 ± 0.11^d	nd
Citric acid	3.92 ± 0.35^b	nd	nd	nd	nd
Lactic acid	4.90 ± 0.18^ab	4.79 ± 0.42^ab	7.24 ± 0.91^c	nd	nd
Succinic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Oxalic acid	0.27 ± 0.01^a	5.82 ± 0.18^g	11.31 ± 0.82^j	nd	3.85 ± 0.05^e
Tartaric acid	nd	nd	4.28 ± 0.10^c	nd	17.26 ± 0.90^g
Formic acid	nd	nd	5.77 ± 0.77^b	nd	nd
Acetic acid	nd	nd	nd	4.83 ± 0.29^d	4.84 ± 0.27^d
Propionic acid	nd	nd	nd	6.50 ± 0.32^a	nd
Pyruvic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Ascorbic acid	3.01 ± 0.37^d	nd	nd	2.10 ± 0.17^c	nd
Pyroglutamic acid	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Total organic acids	21.98 ± 1.89^f	10.61 ± 0.59^c	33.09 ± 2.89^ij	17.89 ± 0.89^e	25.95 ± 1.23^fg

TABLE 2.