FIGURE 4.

Effects of ramie leaf extract on intestinal mucosa MDA (a) and hydrogen peroxide (b) levels during loperamide‐induced constipation. NOR, normal diet group; CON, normal diet and loperamide‐treated group; RLEL, ramie leaf extract 200 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and loperamide‐treated group; RLEH, ramie leaf extract 400 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ and loperamide‐treated group. The values are the mean ± SE of eight rats per group, and different superscript letters indicate significant differences at p < .05 as determined by Tukey's test