TABLE 4.
Dietary intakes at pre‐ and postintervention in the two groups
| Intervention group (n = 61) | Control group (n = 20) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 weeks | 8 weeks | 0 weeks | 8 weeks | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1836.2 ± 434.2 a | 1833.8 ± 405.1 | 1664.3 ± 304.7 | 1744.3 ± 436.7 |
| CHO (g) | 275.5 ± 65.9 | 255.2 ± 62.9 | 240.4 ± 62.5 | 249.2 ± 68.8 |
| Protein (g) | 70.8 ± 23.6 | 75.2 ± 23.4 | 67.7 ± 13.9 | 66.1 ± 23.9 |
| Fat (g) | 52.4 ± 21.0 | 58.4 ± 23.4 | 48.8 ± 19.0 | 55.7 ± 20.5 |
| C:P:F (%) | 60:15:25 | 56:16:28 | 58:16:26 | 57:15:28 |
| Fiber (g) | 21.9 ± 10.1 | 19.5 ± 6.6 | 17.4 ± 6.4 | 17.8 ± 7.6 |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 938.1 ± 540.8 | 876.2 ± 528.8 | 901.2 ± 395.0 | 932.4 ± 634.2 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 4.2 ± 6.3 | 3.2 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 4.2 | 4.5 ± 7.9 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 5.8 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
| Niacin (mg NE) | 15.5 ± 6.6 | 15.8 ± 5.8 | 13.4 ± 3.4 | 13.7 ± 5.1 |
| Folate (μg DFE) | 493.6 ± 217.7 | 425.8 ± 155.8* | 489.4 ± 124.6 | 452.4 ± 191.6 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 7.4 ± 5.8 | 6.6 ± 4.9 | 10.1 ± 16.5 | 8.2 ± 5.9 |
| Calcium (mg) | 587.4 ± 257.7 | 497.5 ± 214.0 | 541.7 ± 263.4 | 540.5 ± 374.9 |
| Iron (mg) | 15.8 ± 6.5 | 13.5 ± 5.0* | 19.6 ± 24.0 | 13.2 ± 5.4 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3,891.3 ± 1,374.5 | 2,751.1 ± 1,080.2*** | 3,467.2 ± 1,013.9 | 3,417.9 ± 1665.7 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3,048.0 ± 1,329.5 | 2,864.2 ± 964.2 | 2,523.4 ± 642.5 | 2,585.9 ± 1,075.4 |
| Total sugar (g) b | 56.3 ± 34.1 | 54.0 ± 25.8 | 48.8 ± 23.9 | 60.7 ± 44.6 |
|
Sugar from processed food c (g) |
18.4 ± 20.3 | 10.8 ± 12.9* | 13.4 ± 15.2 | 27.0 ± 27.6 |
Nutrient intakes were measured by the 24‐hr dietary recall method.
Abbreviations: C:P:F, Carbohydrate:Protein:Fat (%); CHO, Carbohydrate.
Values are mean ± SD
Total sugar: Sugar intake from staple foods, milk, fruit, and processed food.
Processed food included coffee, beverages, snacks, bakery products, soda, dairy products, ice cream, and simple sugar
Significantly different between the groups by the paired t test or Wilcoxon signed‐rank test at p < .05
Significantly different between the groups by the paired t test or Wilcoxon signed‐rank test at p < .01
Significantly different between the groups by the paired t test or Wilcoxon signed‐rank test at p < .001