Table 2.
Nucleic acids-graphene biosensors for detecting pathogens.
| Bio-receptors | Biosensor design | Interactions | Target | Biosensor type | Linear range | LOD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific cDNA | rGO | π-π stacking interaction | H5N1 avian influenza virus gene | Electrochemistry | 10 pM–100 nM | 5 pM | Chan et al. (2017) |
| Graphene-AuNCs | C-rich base capture probe binding | HIV gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 0.1 fM–100 nM | 30 aM | Wang et al. (2015) | |
| Graphene-Nafion composite film | π-π stacking interaction | HIV gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 1.0 × 10−13–1.0 × 10−10 M | 2.3 × 10−14 M | Gong et al. (2017) | |
| Polyaniline-graphene | EDC/NHS | HIV gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 5.0 × 10−16–1.0 × 10−10 M | 1.0 × 10−16 M | Gong et al. (2019) | |
| Graphene-Au nanorod-polythionine | Au–S bond and electrostatic interaction | HPV gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 1.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−13 M | 4.03 × 10−14 M | Huang et al. (2015) | |
| MWCNT-NH2-IL-rGO | Glutaraldehyde | HPV gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 8.5 nM–10.7 μM | 1.3 nM | Farzin et al. (2020) | |
| Magnetic rGO-CuNCs | π-π stacking interaction | HCV subtype gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 0.5–10 nM | 405.0 pM | Li et al. (2020a) | |
| 3D Graphene | Electrostatic adsorption | S. Aureus nuc gene sequences | Electrochemistry | 1.0 × 10−12–1.0 × 10−6 M | 3.3 × 10−13 M | Niu et al. (2018b) | |
| rGO-AuNPs | Au–S bond | M. tuberculosis DNA | Electrochemistry | 0.1 pM–10 nM | 50 fM | Chen et al. (2017) | |
| APTMS-ZnO/c-GO | Glutaraldehyde | E. coli O157: H7 DNA | Electrochemistry | 10−16–10−6 M | 0.1 fM | Jaiswal et al. (2020) | |
| rGO-AuNPs | Au–S bond | M. tuberculosis DNA | Electrochemistry | 0.1 fM–10−6 M | 0.1 fM | Mogha et al. (2018) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | Ebola virus gene | Fluorescence | 30 fM–3 nM | 1.4 pM | Wen et al. (2016) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction and hydrogen bonding | Influenza virus H3N2 hemagglutinin gene | Fluorescence | 37–9400 pg | 3.8 pg | Jeong et al. (2018) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | B. anthracis pagA gene | Fluorescence | 0.625–2.5 μM | 0.625 μM | Ziółkowski et al. (2020) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus harboring 16S rRNA | Fluorescence | 1–30 nM | 0.02 nM | Ning et al. (2018) | |
| GO | Hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions | Chlamydia trachomatis DNA | Fluorescence | 0–1 nM | 6.7 pM | Lee et al. (2019) | |
| Graphene-AuNPs | Au–S bond | S. aureus gene sequences | Surface acoustic wave (SAW) | 0–10 nM | 12.4 pg/mL | Ji et al. (2020) | |
| Aptamers | rGO/MoS2 | EDC/NHS | L1-major capsid protein of HPV | Electrochemistry | 0.2–2 ng/mL | 0.1 ng/mL | Chekin et al. (2018) |
| Graphene-AuNPs | Streptavidin-biotin interaction | Norovirus | Electrochemistry | 100 pM–3.5 nM | 100 pM | Chand and Neethirajan (2017) | |
| rGO-CNT | – | S. Typhimurium | Electrochemistry | 10–108 CFU/mL | 10 CFU/mL | Appaturi et al. (2020) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | P. aeruginosa | Electrochemistry | 1.2–1.2 × 107 CFU/mL | 12 CFU/mL | Shahrokhian and Ranjbar (2019) | |
| rGO-AuNPs | EDC/NHS | LPS from E. coli 055: B5 | Electrochemistry | – | 30 fg/mL | Pourmadadi et al. (2019) | |
| rGO-azophloxine | π-π stacking interaction | S. Typhimurium | Electrochemistry | 10–108 CFU/mL | 10 CFU/mL | Muniandy et al. (2017) | |
| rGO-MWCNT | EDC/NHS | Salmonella | Electrochemistry | 75–7.5 × 105 CFU/mL | 25 CFU/mL | Jia et al. (2016) | |
| UiO-67/Graphene | Phosphate and UiO-67 interaction | S. Typhimurium | Electrochemistry | 2 × 101–2 × 108 CFU/mL | 5 CFU/mL | Dai et al. (2019) | |
| Graphene | Pyrene phosphoramidite linker | E. coli | Electrochemistry | 102–106 CFU/mL | 102 CFU/mL | Wu et al. (2017) | |
| Bridged rebar graphene | Poly-L-lysine | E. coli O78:K80:H11 | Electrochemistry | 10–106 CFU/mL | 10 CFU/mL | Kaur et al. (2017) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | LPS | Fluorescence | 10–500 ng/mL | 8.7 ng/mL | Wen et al. (2019) | |
| GO | π-π stacking interaction | S. enteritis | Fluorescence | 102–107 CFU/mL | 25 CFU/mL | Chinnappan et al. (2018) | |
| GO | Hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions | Secretory protein (Ag85A) of M. tuberculosis | Fluorescence | 5–200 nM | 1.5 nM | Ansari et al. (2018) | |
| rGO | Hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions | LPS from E. coli 055: B5 | Fluorescence | 50-106fM and 50–5 × 104fM for water sample and serum | 7.9 fM and 8.3 fM for water sample and serum sample | Niu et al. (2018a) | |
| GO | π-π stacking and electrostatic interaction | LPSs from S. Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa 10 and E. coli 055: B5 | Fluorescence | – | 38.7, 88.0, 154 ng/mL | Ye et al. (2019) | |
| Fe3O4-AuNPs-GO | Au–S bond | V. parahaemolyticus | Surface-enhanced Raman scattering | 1.4 × 102–1.4 × 106 CFU/mL | 14 CFU/mL | Duan et al. (2017) | |
| Peptide nucleic acids | Graphene-polyaniline | Electrostatic interaction | HPV type 16 DNA | Electrochemistry | 10–200 nM | 2.3 nM | Teengam et al. (2017) |
| GO-CdS QDs | EDC/NHS | M. tuberculosis DNA | Electrochemistry | 10−11–10−7M | 8.948 × 10−13 M | Zaid et al. (2017) | |
| rGO-TEMPO-NCC | EDC/NHS | M. tuberculosis DNA | Electrochemistry | 10−13–10−8M | 3.14 × 10−14 M | Zaid et al. (2020) |