Table 3.

Antibody-graphene biosensors for detecting pathogens.

Antibody	Biosensor design	Interactions	Target	Biosensor type	Linear range	LOD	Ref.
Monoclonal antibodies (H5N1 and H1N1)	GO	Drop-casting	H5N1 and H1N1 antigens	Electrochemistry	25–500 pM	H5N1: 9.4 pM; H1N1: 8.3 pM	Veerapandian et al. (2016)
Anti-EBOV antibody	rGO	PASE linker	Ebola virus glycoprotein	Electrochemistry	2.4 × 10−12–1.2 × 10−7 g/mL	2.4 pg/mL	Jin et al. (2019)
Anti E. coli O157: H7 antibodies	rGO-NR-Au @ Pt	Au–N and Pt–N bond	E. Coli O157: H7	Electrochemistry	4.0 × 102–4.0 × 108 CFU/mL	91 CFU/mL	Zhu et al. (2018)
anti-fimbrial E. coli antibody	rGO/PEI	EDC/NHS	Uropathogenic E. coli UTI89 bacteria	Electrochemistry	10–104 CFU/mL	10 CFU/mL	Jijie et al. (2018)
AIV H7-polyclonal antibodies and H7-monoclonal antibodies	AuNPs-Graphene and AgNPs-G	Au-amine bond and EDC/NHS	avian influenza virus (AIV) H7	Electrochemistry	1.6 × 10−3-16 ng/mL	1.6 pg/mL	Huang et al. (2016)
S. pullorum secondary antibody	AuNPs-rGO	Au–S bond	Salmonella pullorum	Electrochemistry	102–106 CFU/mL	89 CFU/mL	Fei et al. (2016)
S. typhimurium antibody	GO-cMWCNTs	EDC/NHS	S. Typhimurium	Electrochemistry	10–107 CFU/mL	0.376 CFU/mL	Singh et al. (2018)
Mouse anti-flavivirus group antigen monoclonal antibody	Au/MNP-Graphene	EDC/NHS	Norovirus-like particle	Electrochemistry	0.01 pg/mL–1 ng/mL	1.16 pg/mL	Lee et al. (2017)
Anti-Zika NS1 antibody	Graphene	NHS surface chemistry	Zika viral nonstructural protein 1	Electrochemistry	–	0.45 nM	Afsahi et al. (2018)
PEDV-2C11 antibody	AuNP–MoS2-rGO	Adsorption	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus	Electrochemistry	82.5–1.65 × 104 TCID50/mL	–	Li et al. (2020b)
DENV 4G2 antibody	GO	Electrostatic bond	Dengue virus	Electrochemistry	1–2 × 103 PFU/mL	0.12 PFU/mL	Navakul et al. (2017)
anti-HIV p24 antibody	Graphene	EDC/NHS	HIV antigen	Electrochemistry	1 fg/mL–1 μg/mL	100 fg/mL	Islam et al. (2019)
Anti-E. coli antibody	rGO	EDC/NHS	E. coli	Electrochemistry	103–105 CFU/mL	103 CFU/mL	Thakur et al. (2018)
Goat anti-E. coli O157: H7 antibody	AuNPs-Graphene	Physical adsorption between antibodies and AuNPs	E. coli O157: H7	Electrochemistry	102–108 CFU/mL	102 CFU/mL	You et al. (2020)
Rabbit anti-E. coli antibody	AuNPs-Graphene	Biotin-streptavidin combination	E. coli K12 ER2925	Electrochemistry	2.4 × 5–2.4 × 56 CFU/mL	12 CFU/mL	Zhao et al. (2020)
Anti-E. coli O157: H7 antibodies	NH2-GO	EDC/NHS	E. coli O157: H7	Electrochemistry	2.2 × 102–2.2 × 108 CFU/mL	2 CFU/mL	Gupta et al. (2019)
E. coli O157: H7-specific-antibodies	Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) or monolayered-graphene (MG)	1-Pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester linker	E. coli O157: H7	Electrochemistry	GNPs: 102–106 cells/ml MG: 0-107 cells/ml	GNPs: 100 cells/ml MG: 10 cells/ml	Pandey et al. (2017a)
Anti E. coli O157: H7 antibody	rGO-CysCu	EDC/NHS	E. coli O157: H7	Electrochemistry	10–108 CFU/mL	3.8 CFU/mL	Pandey et al. (2017b)
McAb against S. enteritidis flagellin	Graphene	Van der Waals forces, electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions	S. enteritidis	Colorimetry	0–108 CFU/mL	103 CFU/mL	Bu et al. (2019)
E. coli monoclonal antibody	GO or rGO	Physical absorption	E. coli O157: H7	Colorimetry	104–107 CFU/mL	105 CFU/mL	Shirshahi et al. (2019)
anti-NoV Ab (NS-14)	AuNPs-Graphene	EDC/NHS	norovirus-like particles	Colorimetry	100 pg/mL–10 μg/mL	92.7 pg/mL	Ahmed et al. (2017)
Antihuman IgG Ab	GO cellulose nanopaper-QDs	Conjugation process	E. coli	Photoluminescence	10–106 CFU/mL	55 CFU/mL	Cheeveewattanagul et al. (2017)
HBsAg monoclonal antibody	GO-GNRS	EDC/NHS	Hepatitis B surface antigen	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering	1–1000 pg/mL	0.05 pg/mL	Liu et al. (2018c)
DENV E-protein monoclonal antibody	CdS–NH2GO	EDC/NHS	Dengue virus E-protein	Surface plasmon resonance	0.0001–10 nM	0.001 nM	Omar et al. (2019)
Anti-CT	Graphene–polypyrrole	π–π interactions	Cholera toxin	Surface plasmon resonance	0.004–4 ng/mL	4 pg/mL	Singh et al. (2015)