Table 4.

Peptide-graphene biosensors for detecting pathogens.

Peptide sequence	Biosensor design	Interactions	Target	Biosensor type	Linear range	LOD	Ref.
SNAP-25 peptide	rGO	Pyrenebutyric acid linker	Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) enzymatic activity	Electrochemistry	1 pg/mL–1 ng/mL	8.6 pg/mL	Chan et al. (2015)
GIGKFLHSAGKFGKAFVGEIMKS	holey rGO	EDC/NHS	E. coli O157:H7	Electrochemistry	104–107 CFU/mL	803 CFU/mL	Chen et al. (2014)
KKNYSSSISSIHC	AgNPs-GO	Electrostatic interaction	LPS	Electrochemistry	0.0005–1 EU/mL	0.001 EU/mL	Yu et al. (2019)
KKNYSSSISSIHC	GO	Electrostatic interactions and/or π–π stacking	LPS	Fluorescence	2 nM–10 μM	130 pM	Lim et al. (2015)
RKRFRENLYFQSCP	GO	Electrostatic interaction	Tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease and engineered phage-infected bacteria	Fluorescence	TEV protease: 0–0.4 μg/μL bacteria: 103–107 CFU/mL	TEV protease: 51 ng/μL bacteria:104 CFU/mL	Chen and Nugen (2019)
SNAP-25 peptide	GO	EDC/NHS	Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) enzymatic activity	Fluorescence	1 fg/mL–1 pg/mL	1 fg/mL	Shi et al. (2015)
RKRIHIGPGPAFYTT	GO	π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions	HIV antibody	Fluorescence	5–150 nM	2 nM	Wu et al. (2014)
CALNNSQNYPIVQK	GO	EDC/NHS	HIV-1 protease	Fluorescence	5–300 ng/mL	1.18 ng/mL	Zhang et al. (2018)
RS5: RYWMS; QY7: QGYGYNY; ED17: EINPDSSTINYTPSLKD	GO	π–π stacking	Ebola virus (EBOV), Marburg virus (MARV), and Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV)	Fluorescence	EBOV: 0–15 ng/mL; MARV: 0–15 ng/mL; SV: 0–15 ng/mL	–	Fu et al. (2020)
GIGKFLHSAGKFGKAFVGEIMKS	AgNPs-rGO	Au–S bond	E. coli O157:H7	Surface plasmon resonance	1.0 × 103–5.0 × 107 CFU/mL	5.0 × 102 CFU/mL	Zhou et al. (2018b)
Bacitracin A	Au@Ag-GO	EDC/NHS	E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering	101–106 CFU/mL	101 CFU/mL	Yuan et al. (2018)