TABLE 4.

Prevalence rates and odds ratios of low back pain by period and by occupational category

Prevalence period	Occupation	Study	No. of cases	Sample size	Prevalence		Online supporting information (related forest plot)	Risk of LBP
					%	95% CI		OR	95% CI	P value
Week	Physicians	Alzidani et al, 2018 13	28	138	20.3	12.8‐27.8
		Al Shammari et al, 2019 24	84	198	42.4	33.4‐51.5
		Mohamed and Al Amer, 2019 37	26	52	50.0	30.8‐69.2
		Pooled prevalence			36.4	18.0‐54.7	Figure S4	Reference group
	Nurses	Abbas et al, 2010 9	576	937	61.5	56.5‐66.5
		Abu Tariah et al, 2020 23	16	94	17	8.7‐25.4
		Keriri, 2013 36	61	126	48.4	36.3‐60.6
		Mohamed and Al Amer, 2019 37	46	80	57.5	40.9‐74.1
		Pooled prevalence			45.9	21.9‐69.9	Figure S8	2.35 a	1.86‐3.00	<.0005
	PTs	Mohamed and Al Amer, 2019 37	10	28	35.7	13.6‐57.9		1.01	0.45‐2.24	.987
	EMS	Aljerian et al, 2018 28	134	360	37.2	30.9‐43.5		1.07	0.79‐1.44	.638
	Pooled prevalence				40.8	28.4‐53.2	Figure S1
Month	Physicians	Alzidani et al, 2018 13	67	138	48.6	41.0‐56.1
Year	Physicians	Alzidani et al, 2018 13	91	138	65.9	52.4‐79.5
		Al Shammari et al, 2019 24	137	198	69.2	57.6‐80.8
		Alnaami et al, 2019 16	259	353	73.4	64.4‐82.3
		Al‐Ruwaili and Khalil, 2019 32	177	254	69.6	59.4‐80.0
		Alsultan et al, 2018 33	74	140	52.9	40.8‐64.9
		Pooled prevalence			66.8	59.9‐73.7	Figure S5	Reference group
	Dentists	Aljanakh et al, 2015 27	39	68	57.4	39.4‐75.4
		Al‐Mohrej et al, 2016 30	139	204	68.1	56.8‐79.5
		Alnaami et al, 2019 16	25	27	92.6	56.3‐128.3
		Pooled prevalence			67.3	54.1‐80.5	Figure S7	0.98	0.75‐1.30	.934
	Nurses	Al‐Eisa and Al‐Abbad, 2013 6	116	155	74.8	61.2‐88.5
		Abbas et al, 2010 9	611	937	65.2	60.0‐70.4
		Abu Tariah et al, 2020 23	60	94	63.8	47.7‐80.0
		Alnaami et al, 2019 16	156	214	72.9	61.5‐84.3
		Attar, 2014 34	130	200	65.0	53.8‐76.2
		Pooled prevalence			66.9	62.9‐70.9	Figure S9	0.95	0.80‐1.12	.557
	PTs	Muaidi and Shanb, 2016 15	321	690	46.5	41.4‐51.6		0.40 a	0.33‐0.49	<.0005
	EMS	Aljerian et al, 2018 28	217	360	60.3	52.3‐68.3		0.71 a	0.55‐0.91	.006
	Pooled prevalence				65.0	59.4‐70.5	Figure S2
Career	Physicians	Bin Homaid et al, 2016 35	45	61	73.8	52.2‐95.3		Reference group
	Nurses	Bin Homaid et al, 2016 35	26	34	76.5	47.1‐105.9		1.15	0.43‐3.06	.772
	PTs	Alghadir et al, 2017 7	450	502	89.6	81.4‐97.9		3.01 a	1.62‐5.82	<.0005
	AT	Bin Homaid et al, 2016 35	10	12	83.3	31.7‐135.0		1.78	0.35‐9.00	.482
	ORT	Bin Homaid et al, 2016 35	3	7	42.9	−5.6 to 91.4		0.27	0.05‐1.32	.089
	Pooled prevalence				81.4	69.3‐93.5	Figure S3
Lifetime	Physicians	Alsiddiky et al, 2015 10	244	411	59.4	51.9‐66.8
		Alzidani et al, 2018 13	101	138	73.2	58.9‐87.5
		Al‐Ruwaili and Khalil, 2019 32	193	254	76.0	65.3‐86.7
		Pooled prevalence			68.7	57.0‐80.4	Figure S6

Abbreviations: AT, anesthesia technicians; CI, confidence interval; EMS, emergency medical service personnel; LBP, low back pain; OR, odds ratio; PTs, physical therapists; RT, operation room technicians.

^aSignificant at α = 0.05.