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. 2020 Jul 24;10:12398. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69259-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model projections from a one-off introduction of 100 carrier queens/km² into wasp populations. Light blue denotes wild-type queens, gold are heterozygous carriers, and dark blue indicates homozygous gene drive carriers. (a) A genetic modification without the CRISPR-Cas9 cassette is quickly lost from the population. (b) A CRISPR-Cas9 modification of a gene that would not influence wasp fitness sweeps through the entire population after 10 generations or years. A genetic modification causing complete sterility, in a gene drive scenario (c), persists in the population but doesn’t influence overall wasp densities. Partial drone sterility cases (d) assumes only 70% of matings with carrier drones are successful. Imperfect (80%) homing has little effect on a fitness-neutral drive (e), but may prevent a sterility drive from spreading sufficiently to impact the population (f,g).