Table 1.

Study sample characteristics, stratified by use of drug checking services in the last six months

		Use of drug checking services in the last six months
Characteristic	Total n=1426, N (%)	Yes, n=196, N (%)	No, n=1228, N (%)
Witnessed an overdose*
Yes	767 (53.8)	155 (79.1)	612 (49.8)
No	653 (45.8)	41 (20.9)	612 (49.8)
Age†
Median	45.1	40.4	45.7
IQR	(31.8–55.1)	(30.2–52.2)	(32.3–55.6)
Sex at birth
Male	896 (62.8)	120 (61.2)	775 (63.1)
Female	530 (37.2)	76 (38.8)	453 (36.9)
White ethnicity
Yes	652 (45.7)	103 (52.6)	547 (44.5)
No	761 (53.4)	89 (45.4)	672 (54.7)
Homelessness*
Yes	284 (19.9)	64 (32.7)	220 (17.9)
No	1139 (79.9)	131 (66.8)	1006 (81.9)
≥ Daily injection drug use*
Yes	443 (31.1)	118 (60.2)	324 (26.4)
No	983 (68.9)	78 (39.8)	904 (73.6)
≥ Daily heroin use*
Yes	361 (25.3)	90 (45.9)	270 (22.0)
No	1065 (74.7)	106 (54.1)	958 (78.0)
≥ Daily cocaine use*
Yes	38 (2.7)	2 (1.0)	36 (2.9)
No	1388 (97.3)	194 (99.0)	1192 (97.1)
≥ Daily crack use*
Yes	115 (8.1)	10 (5.1)	105 (8.6)
No	1311 (91.9)	186 (94.9)	1123 (91.4)
≥ Daily methamphetamine use*
Yes	259 (18.2)	56 (28.6)	202 (16.4)
No	1167 (81.8)	140 (71.4)	1026 (83.6)
≥ Daily illicit prescription opioid use*
Yes	30 (2.1)	10 (5.1)	20 (1.6)
No	1396 (97.9)	186 (94.9)	1208 (98.4)
Suspected exposure to fentanyl*
Yes	736 (51.6)	165 (84.2)	571 (46.5)
No	681 (47.8)	29 (14.8)	652 (53.1)
Public injection*
Yes	320 (22.4)	83 (42.3)	236 (19.2)
No	1105 (77.5)	113 (57.7)	991 (80.7)
Drug dealing*
Yes	216 (15.1)	57 (29.1)	158 (12.9)
No	1210 (84.9)	139 (70.9)	1070 (87.1)
Sex work*
Yes	119 (8.3)	28 (14.3)	91 (7.4)
No	1307 (91.7)	168 (85.7)	1137 (92.6)
Non-fatal overdose*
Yes	162 (11.4)	40 (20.4)	122 (9.9)
No	1261 (88.4)	156 (79.6)	1105 (90)

IQR: interquartile range

^†Per one-year increase

^*Activities reported in the last six months