Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS.

	SARS [13,14,46,52] [[53], [54], [55]]	MERS [15,19] [24,[56], [57], [58]]	COVID-19 [18,[59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66]]
Demographic and general characteristics
Male	25%–60%	65%–83%	43%–73%
Health care personnel	23%–51%	8.3–13%	29%
Infected by medical and health care	50%–77%	55.7%–98%	41%
Clinical characters
fever	99%–100%	40%–98%	65%–99%
cough	29%–100%	18%–87%	22%–82%
Myalgia	20%–60%	7%–32%	11%–44%
shortness of breath	20%–60%	27%–72%	4%–35%
dyspnea	42%–44%	5%–15%	17%–40%
chills	15%–74%	7%–87%	7%–17%
diarrhea	10%–50%	7%–44%	1%–10%
vomiting or nausea	10%–35%	7%–21%	1%–13%
chest pain	30%	15%	2%
headache	15%–70%	5%–13%	4%–8%
sore throat	11%–30%	4%–11%	4%–26%
runny nose	2%–24%	4%	4%
Laboratory findings
Leukopenia <4 × 109	7%–34%	6%–14%	17%–25%
Lymphopenia <1 × 109	54%–75%	35%	35%–70%
Thrombocytopenia	20%–44.8%	17%–36%	21%
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase	71%–87%	47%–49%	40%–98%
Elevated alanine transaminase	23%–56%	11%	17%–31%
Elevated aspartate transaminase	32%–78%	15%–53%	30%–37%
Complications
diabetes	5%–40%	28%–87%	6%–34%
hypertension	11%–30%	22%–34%	19%–57%
Chronic lung disease	1%	26%–43%	2%–17%
heart disease	8%–10%	22%–53%	8%–18%
Chronic renal insufficiency	1%–5%	5%–53%	1%–8.5%
smoking	5%–20%	13%–23%	6%–15.6%
malignant disease	6%	2%–23%	0.5%–7%
Abnormal chest radiograph	70%–100%	87%–100%	100%
Treatment received
Critically ill patients	20%–23%	53%–89%	14%–32%
Mechanical ventilation support	13%–50%	70%–78%	29%–89%
Mortality rate	3.6%–30%	60%–65%	4%–28%

SARS, the severe acute respiratory syndrome; MERS, the Middle East respiratory syndrome; COVID-19, 2019 novel coronavirus disease.