Table 2.
Brief Summary by Primary Outcome Among Inter-Diseases on Target Systematic Reviews
| Outcome | Intervention Type | Significant Effect Compared with Control | Disease | Reference No. | Author (Year) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain | Spa therapy | Significant | Low back pain | [14] | Bai (2019) |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) | |
| Water therapy | Significant | Ankylosing spondylitis | [16] | Liang (2019) | |
| Balneotherapy, spa therapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee | [6] | Antonelli (2018) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee and hip | [20] | Bartles (2016) | |
| Balneotherapy (mineral water) | Significant | Rheumatoid arthritis | [2] | Verhagen (2015) | |
| Mudpack therapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee | [21] | Xiang (2016) | |
| Balneothrapy (mudpack) | Significant for improving/Not significant for intensity | Rheumatoid arthritis | [2] | Verhagen (2015) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Musculoskeletal diseases | [22] | Baker (2014) | |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [24] | Naumann (2014) | |
| Mud therapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee | [26] | Liu (2013) | |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis | [3] | Verhagen (2007) | |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Low back pain | [27] | Pittler (2006) | |
| Spa therapy | Significant | Low back pain | [27] | Pittler (2006) | |
| QoL | Balneotherapy | Significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) |
| Balneotherapy, spa therapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee | [6] | Antonelli (2018) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee and hip | [20] | Bartles (2016) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Musculoskeletal diseases | [20] | Baker (2014) | |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [24] | Naumann (2014) | |
| Depression | Balneotherapy | Not significant | Fibromyalgia | [24] | Naumann (2014) |
| Mobility/partial function | Aquatic exercise | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee and hip | [20] | Bartles (2016) |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [23] | Bidonde (2014) | |
| Mudpack therapy | Significant | Osteoarthritis of knee and hip | [21] | Xiang (2016) | |
| Mudpack therapy | Not significant | Rheumatoid arthritis | [2] | Verhagen (2015) | |
| Water-based exercise | Significant | Stroke | [13] | Squettoto (2019) | |
| Spa therapy | Significant | Low back pain | [14] | Bai (2019) | |
| Water therapy | Not significant | Ankylosing spondylitis | [16] | Liang (2019) | |
| Muscle strength | Water-based exercise | Significant | Stroke | [13] | Squettoto (2019) |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [23] | Bidonde (2014) | |
| Stiffness/tender joint | Mudpack therapy | Significant | Rheumatoid arthritis | [2] | Verhagen (2015) |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [23] | Bidonde (2014) | |
| Balneotherapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [24] | Naumann (2014) | |
| Aquatic physical therapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [25] | Lima (2013) | |
| Physical (whole) function | Spa therapy | Not significant | Low back pain | [14] | Bai (2019) |
| Water therapy | Not significant | Ankylosing spondylitis | [16] | Liang (2019) | |
| Aquatic therapy | Not significant | Lymphedema | [18] | Yeung (2018) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Musculoskeletal diseases | [22] | Baker (2014) | |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [23] | Bidonde (2014) | |
| Aquatic physical therapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [25] | Lima (2013) | |
| Balance | Water-based exercise | Significant | Stroke | [13] | Squettoto (2019) |
| Gait speed | Water-based exercise | Significant | Stroke | [13] | Squettoto (2019) |
| Aquatic exercise | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [23] | Bidonde (2014) | |
| Aquatic physical therapy | Significant | Fibromyalgia | [25] | Lima (2013) | |
| Aerobic capacity | Water-based exercise | Significant | Stroke | [13] | Squettoto (2019) |
| Disease activity | Water therapy | Significant | Ankylosing spondylitis | [16] | Liang (2019) |
| Oedema | Balneotherapy | Not significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) |
| Skin pigmentation | Balneotherapy | Significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) |
| Leg ulcers | Balneotherapy | Not significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) |
| Specific sign and symptom of disease | Balneotherapy | Not significant | Chronic venous insufficiency | [15] | de Moraes Silva (2019) |
| Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Not significant* | Heart failure | [17] | Källström (2018) | |
| Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Significant | Heart failure | [19] | Rocha Conceição (2018) | |
| Aquatic therapy | Not significant | Lymphedema | [18] | Yeung (2018) | |
| Blood biomarker | Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Not significant | Heart failure | [17] | Källström (2018) |
| Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Significant | Heart failure | [19] | Rocha Conceição (2018) | |
| Imaging for heart function | Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Significant** | Heart failure | [17] | Källström (2018) |
| Balneotherapy (sauna: Waon therapy) | Not significant | Heart failure | [19] | Rocha Conceição (2018) |
Notes: *Blood pressure. **Significant effect on three items of five outcomes.