Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristics | Standardized Protocol (SG) N=198 |
Control Protocol (CG) N= 182 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, (mean±SD) (years) | 62 ± 11.6 | 63 ± 11.3 | 0.223 |
| Men, n (%) | 78 (39.4) | 78 (42.9) | 0.494 |
| BMI, (mean±SD) (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.7 | 24.0 ± 5.5 | 0.479 |
| HbA1c, (mean±SD) (%) | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 0.744 |
| Fasting blood glucose, (mean±SD) (mg/dL) | 123 ± 39.5 | 126 ± 38.2 | 0.775 |
| LDL, (mean±SD) (mg/dL) | 104 ± 48.3 | 98 ± 36.9 | 0.913 |
| eGFR,(mean±SD) mL/min/1.73m2 | 83 ± 19.9 | 81 ± 22.4 | 0.131 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 8 (4.1) | 8 (4.4) | 0.871 |
| Underlying disease, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 157 (79.3) | 137 (75.7) | 0.402 |
| Dyslipidemia | 129 (65.2) | 134 (74.0) | 0.061 |
| Diabetes duration, (mean±SD) (years) | 6.5 ± 4.4 | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 0.343 |
| Diabetic medication, n (%) | |||
| Metformin | 164 (83.2) | 150 (82.4) | 0.831 |
| Sulfonylurea | 84 (42.6) | 73 (40.1) | 0.618 |
| Pioglitazone | 14 (7.1) | 23 (12.6) | 0.068 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 19 (9.6) | 22 (12.1) | 0.435 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 8 (4.0) | 11 (6) | 0.372 |
| Insulin | 26 (13.1) | 22 (12.1) | 0.761 |
| Diet control | 3 (1.5) | 5 (2.7) | 0.405 |
| Diabetic complication, n (%) | |||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 43 (22.8) | 44 (24.9) | 0.637 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 27 (14.3) | 9 (5.1) | 0.003 |
| Coronary artery disease | 27 (13.6) | 16 (8.8) | 0.142 |
| Stroke | 9 (4.5) | 7 (3.9) | 0.744 |
| Ward of admission, n (%) | 0.349 | ||
| Surgery | 82 (41.4) | 90 (49.5) | 0.206 |
| General | 57 (69.5) | 60 (66.7) | |
| Neurological | 5 (6.1) | 15 (16.7) | |
| Cardiovascular and thoracic | 20 (24.4) | 15 (16.7) | |
| Ear-nose-throat | 20 (10.1) | 16 (8.8) | |
| Eye | 25 (12.6) | 18 (9.9) | |
| Orthopedic | 53 (26.8) | 49 (26.9) | |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 18 (9.1) | 9 (4.9) | |
| Type of surgery, n(%) | 0.670 | ||
| Minor | 35 (17.7) | 33 (18.1) | |
| Moderate | 131 (66.2) | 114 (62.6) | |
| Major | 32 (16.2) | 35 (19.2) | |
| Perioperative protocol, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| IV insulin | 177 (89.3) | 182 (100) | |
| Subcutaneous insulin | 21 (10.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Insulin requirement, n(%) | 55 (27.9) | 63 (36.8) | 0.068 |
| Preoperative mean CBG within 24 hours, (mean±SD) (mg/dL) | 124 ± 20.5 | 121 ± 20.5 | 0.435 |
| Postoperative mean CBG within 24 hours, (mean±SD) (mg/dL) | 147 ± 24.0 | 154 ± 17.5 | 0.047 |
| Perioperative CBG within range 140–180 mg/dL, n (%) | 96 (52.7) | 84 (42.6) | 0.049 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 24 (12.2) | 33 (18.8) | 0.082 |
| Complications, n (%) | |||
| Hypoglycemia | 6 (3.0) | 4 (2.2) | 0.614 |
| Infection | 7 (3.5) | 8 (4.4) | 0.668 |
| Acute kidney injury | 5 (2.5) | 9 (4.9) | 0.212 |
| CVD | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.175 |
| Stroke | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Dead, n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.936 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CBG, capillary blood glucose; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DPP-4 inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ICU, intensive care unit; IV, intravenous; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SGLT-2 inhibitor, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.