Table 1.
Herbicides mentioned in the text with their molecular targets and mechanisms of resistance
Only the mechanisms provided in the text are listed. Additional herbicides to which resistance has evolved are found in Heap, I. (2020) The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds; available at www.weedscience.com; accessed February 25, 2020.
| Inhibited process/molecular target | Herbicide chemical class/herbicidea | Mechanism(s) of resistance |
|---|---|---|
| Amino acid synthesis | ||
| ALS; branched-chain amino acids | Imidazolinones | |
| Imazethapyr | TSR and NTSR | |
| Imazaquin | TSR | |
| Sulfonylureas | ||
| Benzulfuron | TRS and NTSR | |
| Chlorimuron | TSR and NTSR | |
| Chlorsulfuron | TSR and NTSR | |
| Pyrimidinyl benzolates | ||
| Bispyribac | TSR and NTSR | |
| Triazolopyrimidine | ||
| Penoxsulam | NTSR | |
| EPSPS; shikimate pathway function | Glyphosate | TSR and NTSR |
| Glutamine synthase | Glufosinate | NTSR |
| Auxin mimics | ||
| F-box proteins | Phenoxycarboxylates | |
| 2,4-D | TSR and NTSR | |
| Dicamba | TSR and NTSR | |
| Quinclorac | NTSR | |
| Picolinates | ||
| Picloram | TSR | |
| Carotenoid synthesis | ||
| HPPD | Isoxaflutole | NTSR |
| Triketones | ||
| Mesotrione | NTSR | |
| Tembotrione | NTSR | |
| Lycopene cyclase | Amitrole | NTSR |
| Phytoene desaturase | Diphenyl heterocycles | |
| Fluridone | TSR | |
| Phenyl ethers | ||
| Beflubutamid | No resistance | |
| Diflufenican | No resistance | |
| Picolinafen | No resistance | |
| N-Phenyl heterocycles | ||
| Norflurazon | TSR | |
| Deoxy-d-xylulose phosphate synthase | Clomazone | NTSR |
| Cell division | ||
| α-Tubulin | Dinitroanilines | |
| Oryzalin | TSR | |
| Trifluralin | TRS | |
| Chlorophyll synthesis | ||
| PPO | Diphenyl ethers | |
| Lactofen | TSR | |
| Fomesafen | NTSR | |
| Fatty acid synthesis | ||
| ACCase | Aryloxyphenoxypropionates | |
| Diclofop-methyl | TSR and NTSR | |
| Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl | TSR and NTSR | |
| Clodinofop | NTSR | |
| Quizalofop | TSR | |
| Cyclohexanediones | ||
| Sethoxydim | TSR | |
| Tralkoxydim | TSR and NTSR | |
| Pinoxaden | NTSR | |
| Fatty acid thioesterase | Cinmethylin | NTSR |
| Very long-chain fatty acid synthases | Thiobencarb | NTSR |
| Flufenacet | NTSR | |
| Chloroacetamides | ||
| Alachlor | NTSR | |
| Metolachlor | NTSR | |
| Photosynthesis | ||
| Photosystem II D1 protein | Amides | |
| Propanil | TSR and NTSR | |
| Nitriles | ||
| Bromoxynil | NTSR | |
| Triazines | ||
| Atrazine | TSR and NTSR | |
| Ureas | ||
| Chlorotoluron | NTSR | |
| Bentazon | NTSR | |
| Photosystem I energy diversion | Paraquat | NTSR |
aThe chemical classes of herbicides underlined are not provided, as they are the only representatives of their chemical class.