Table 3.

Bivariable and multivariable associations between modes of emotional support, personal and sociodemographic covariates, and depression risk.

Independent variables/covariates	Depression risk
	OR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
ESa	0.56 (0.51–0.61)	0.57 (0.52–0.63)
SM-ESa	1.24 (1.15–1.34)	1.20 (1.09–1.32)
Hours per day on SM	1.16 (1.12–1.20)	1.10 (1.06–1.14)
ACEb	1.56 (1.46–1.67)	1.46 (1.35–1.57)
Age, y	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	0.99 (0.95–1.03)
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	1.39 (1.15–1.68)	1.43 (1.14–1.79)
Race
White, non-Hispanic	Reference	Reference
Otherc	1.21 (1.00–1.49)	0.85 (0.67–1.07)
Education
High school or less	Reference	Reference
Some college or technical school	0.72 (0.55–0.94)	0.89 (0.65–1.21)
College graduate	0.42 (0.31–0.55)	0.82 (0.58–1.15)
Graduate school	0.31 (0.22–0.43)	0.71 (0.48–1.05)
Annual Household Income
Less than $25,000	Reference	Reference
$25,000 to less than $50,000	0.61 (0.47–0.80)	0.77 (0.56–1.06)
$50,000 to less than $75,000	0.45 (0.33–0.60)	0.65 (0.46–0.91)
$75,000 or above	0.38 (0.29–0.50)	0.75 (0.53–1.06)
Relationship Status
Single	Reference	Reference
Member of unmarried couple	0.80 (0.64–1.01)	1.06 (0.78–1.44)
Married	0.60 (0.48–0.76)	1.01 (0.68–1.49)
Living Situation
By myself	Reference	Reference
Parent or guardian	1.09 (0.80–1.41)	1.24 (0.85–1.67)
Significant other	0.65 (0.49–0.82)	0.81 (0.53–1.14)
Otherd	0.82 (0.59–1.12)	1.02 (0.71–1.48)

Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio. AOR represents the odds for each variable, adjusting for all the other variables in the table.

^aAssociated odds is for each 1-unit increase on a 5-point scale.

^bModified Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire ranging from 0–6.

^cIncludes Black, non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian/Native Alaskan, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.

^dOther includes acquaintances, friends, and roommates.