Table 5.

Results of least‐squares means comparisons of population‐level F _IS for development modes (direct development [D], lecithotrophic [L], and planktotrophic [P]) within sperm transfer modes of marine invertebrates. Species identity was included as a random effect. Bold P‐values are significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons with Tukey's method

Mode	Comparison	Estimate	SE	df	t ratio	Adjusted P‐value
Broadcast spawning	D‐L	−0.009	0.184	136	−0.048	1.000
	D‐P	−0.012	0.183	136	−0.066	1.000
	L‐P	−0.003	0.044	137	−0.072	1.000
Spermcasting	D‐L	0.276	0.066	145	4.173	0.002
	D‐P	0.454	0.141	142	3.231	0.040
	L‐P	0.179	0.134	141	1.333	0.920
Copulating	D‐L	0.048	0.142	145	0.340	1.000
	D‐P	−0.014	0.066	142	−0.215	1.000
	L‐P	−0.062	0.135	145	−0.461	0.999