Table 6.

Results of least‐squares means comparisons of population‐level F _IS for sperm transfer modes (broadcast spawning [B], spermcasting [S], and copulating [C]) within developmental modes of marine invertebrates. Species identity was included as a random effect. Bold P‐values are significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons with Tukey's method

Developmental mode	Comparison	Estimate	SE	df	t ratio	Adjusted P‐value
Direct	B‐S	−0.370	0.189	137	−1.954	0.578
	B‐C	0.052	0.189	137	0.273	1.000
	S‐C	0.422	0.079	145	5.371	<0.001
Lecithotrophic	B‐S	−0.085	0.048	137	−1.780	0.695
	B‐C	0.109	0.134	145	0.810	0.996
	S‐C	0.194	0.135	145	1.436	0.882
Planktotrophic	B‐S	0.097	0.133	141	0.727	0.998
	B‐C	0.050	0.046	138	1.072	0.977
	S‐C	0.047	0.134	141	−0.350	1.000