Table 1.
Patient Characteristics at Baseline.
| Characteristic | Endoscopic (N = 34) | Open (N = 10 692) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male, n (%) | 19 (55.9) | 6,033 (56.4) | .541 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 52.51 ± 15.01 | 51.92 ± 15.93 | .825 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 30.11 ± 5.32 | 29.92 ± 7.53 | .879 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | .523 | ||
| White | 21 (91.2) | 8,192 (76.6) | |
| Black/African-American | 1 (2.94) | 688 (6.43) | |
| Asian | 0 (0.00) | 248 (2.32) | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0 (0.00) | 52 (0.49) | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 (0.00) | 26 (0.24) | |
| Unknown/Not reported | 2 (5.88) | 1,486 (13.9) | |
| Inpatient, n (%) | 12 (35.3) | 3,529 (33.0) | .452 |
| Transfer status, admit from home, n (%) | 34 (100.0) | 10,478 (98.0) | .983 |
| Elective surgery, n (%) | 31 (91.2) | 9,688 (90.6) | .989 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 7 (20.6) | 1,548 (14.5) | .589 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 8 (23.5) | 2,289 (21.4) | .448 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 3 (8.82) | 253 (2.37) | .047* |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 14 (0.13) | .956 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 11 (32.4) | 4,142 (38.7) | .282 |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 21 (0.20) | .935 |
| Disseminated cancer, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 17 (0.16) | .947 |
| Open wound/Wound infection, n (%) | 1 (2.94) | 23 (0.22) | .073 |
| Chronic steroid use, n (%) | 2 (5.88) | 389 (3.64) | .353 |
| Ventilator dependent, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.01) | .997 |
| Bleeding disorders, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 104 (0.97) | .718 |
| >10% weight loss in past 6 months, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 20 (0.19) | .938 |
| Transfusion before surgery, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.04) | .987 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 0 (0.00) | 83 (0.78) | .966 |
*P < .05.