Table 1.
Characteristics and Rates of Comorbidities for Patients Undergoing ACDF in High- and Low-Income Groups.
| Low Income (n = 35 111), >$40 000 | High Income (n = 34 733), >$66 000 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | P < .001 | ||
| 2005-2007 | 10 738 | 11 492 | |
| 2008-2011 | 14 458 | 14 782 | |
| 2012-2014 | 9915 | 8459 | |
| Age | P < .001 | ||
| <45 | 8935 | 9679 | |
| 45-52 | 9668 | 10 115 | |
| 53-60 | 7390 | 7142 | |
| >60 | 9117 | 7794 | |
| Sex | P < .001 | ||
| Male | 16 611 | 16 898 | |
| Female | 18 499 | 17 835 | |
| Race | P < .001 | ||
| White | 21 935 (73.5%) | 24 696 (85.3%) | |
| Black | 4581 (15.4%) | 1371 (4.7%) | |
| Hispanic | 2163 (7.3%) | 1256 (4.3%) | |
| Other | 1151 (3.9%) | 1644 (5.7%) | |
| Hospital region | P < .001 | ||
| Northeast | 3646 | 7483 | |
| Midwest | 5962 | 7343 | |
| South | 21 393 | 10 304 | |
| West | 4110 | 9603 | |
| Procedure type | P < .001 | ||
| Elective | 30 220 (86.3%) | 31 286 (90.2%) | |
| Nonelective | 4814 | 3,391 | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Obesity | 3247 (9.2%) | 2795 (8.0%) | P < .001 |
| Diabetes | 6247 (17.8%) | 3818 (11.0%) | P < .001 |
| Chronic renal failure | 491 (1.4%) | 363 (1.0%) | P < .001 |
| Hypertension | 15 816 (45.0%) | 12 083 (34.8%) | P < .001 |
| CHF | 517 (1.5%) | 227 (0.7%) | P < .001 |
| COPD | 5970 (17.0%) | 4081 (11.7%) | P < .001 |
| Anemia | 996 (2.8%) | 837 (2.4%) | P < .001 |
Abbreviations: ACDF, anterior discectomy and fusion; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.