Table 5.
Adjusted Risks of Perioperative Outcomes and Increased Resource Utilization.
| Complication, OR (95% CI) | Mortality, OR (95% CI) | Extended LOS, OR (95% CI) | High-End Cost, OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low income | 1.167 (1.027-1.326) | 1.321 (0.807-2.163) | 1.028 (0.971-1.088) | 0.753 (0.705-0.804) |
| High income | — | — | — | — |
| Race | ||||
| White | — | — | — | — |
| Black | 1.198 (0.927-1.549) | 0.970 (0.374-2.513) | 1.409 (1.255-1.582) | 1.662 (1.495-1.848) |
| Hispanic | 1.286 (1.071-1.502) | 0.493 (0.226-1.075) | 2.511 (2.328-2.707) | 1.791 (1.652-1.942) |
| Other | 1.205 (0.963-1.508) | 0.714 (0.276-1.848) | 1.831 (1.661-2.019) | 1.385 (1.252-1.532) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.587 (1.429-1.764) | 1.950 (1.208-3.147) | 0.973 (0.923-1.025) | 1.246 (1.174-1.322) |
| Female | — | — | — | — |
| Procedure type | ||||
| Nonelective | 4.207 (3.723-4.754) | 15.262 (9.202-25.311) | 10.782 (10.161-11.442) | 4.850 (4.530-5.191) |
| Elective | — | — | — | — |
| Hospital region | ||||
| Northeast | 0.746 (0.617-0.901) | 1.206 (0.587-2.478) | 0.773 (0.714-0.836) | 0.328 (0.300-0.360) |
| Midwest | 0.839 (0.690-1.020) | 1.010 (0.461-2.213) | 0.564 (0.514-0.619) | 0.336 (0.304-0.372) |
| South | 0.682 (0.583-0.797) | 0.852 (0.452-1.606) | 0.471 (0.439-0.506) | 0.282 (0.262-0.304) |
| West | — | — | — | — |
| Year | ||||
| 2005-2007 | 0.624 (0.533-0.730) | 1.518 (0.852-2.706) | 1.149 (1.072-1.230) | 0.857 (0.791-0.927) |
| 2008-2011 | 0.660 (0.580-0.752) | 1.148 (0.677-1.946) | 0.972 (0.913-1.034) | 0.899 (0.839-0.963) |
| 2012-2014 | — | — | — | — |
| Age | ||||
| <45 | 0.453 (0.377-0.543) | 0.141 (0.061-0.324) | 0.595 (0.550-0.643) | 0.675 (0.617-0.737) |
| 45-52 | 0.530 (0.450-0.623) | 0.044 (0.011-0.185) | 0.589 (0.548-0.634) | 0.735 (0.677-0.799) |
| 53-60 | 0.656 (0.562-0.767) | 0.404 (0.226-0.725) | 0.733 (0.681-0.789) | 0.871 (0.802-0.947) |
| >60 | — | — | — | — |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Obesity | 1.359 (1.144-1.616) | 1.126 (0.545-1.608) | 1.295 (1.191-1.409) | 1.195 (1.084-1.318) |
| Diabetes | 1.160 (1.004-1.340) | 1.365 (0.823-2.265) | 1.311 (1.222-1.406) | 1.143 (1.052-1.241) |
| Chronic renal failure | 2.398 (1.879-3.061) | 2.052 (0.971-4.339) | 1.784 (1.485-2.142) | 1.490 (1.222-1.816) |
| Hypertension | 1.137 (0.997-1.295) | 0.841 (0.510-1.387) | 1.216 (1.147-1.288) | 1.054 (0.987-1.127) |
| CHF | 3.351 (2.617-4.290) | 4.245 (2.249-8.014) | 3.219 (2.665-3.888) | 2.335 (1.907-2.860) |
| COPD | 1.424 (1.233-1.644) | 1.055 (0.596-1.869) | 1.334 (1.244-1.431) | 1.198 (1.103-1.300) |
| Anemia | 3.174 (2.622-3.843) | 2.118 (1.093-4.105) | 3.272 (2.893-3.701) | 2.456 (2.148-2.808) |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LOS, length of stay; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.