Table 1.
Average Scores of Students per Group on Each Test
| Group | N | Pre‐course test mean (±SD) | Post‐course test mean (±SD) | Activities during the return day | Long‐term retention test mean (±SD) | P‐values (ANCOVA) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre‐repetition test mean (±SD) | Repetition activity mean (±SD) | Post‐repetition test mean (±SD) | ||||||
| 1 | 92 | 37.0 (±7.0) | – | – | – | – | 47.3 (±9.3) | n.a. |
| 2 | 26 | 37.5 (±5.8) | 69.3 (±10.8) | 52.8 (±10.5) | – | – | 53.0 (±9.3) | 0.008 |
| 3 | 22 | 37.3 (±10.3) | 66.5 (±10.3) | 50.0 (±11.8) | lecture | 73.0 (±9.8) | 55.5 (±10.5) | 0.0001 |
| 4 | 17 | 36.5 (±7.8) | 69.0 (±10.8) | 50.5 (±8.0) | e‐learning | 72.5 (±10.3) | 55.5 (±9.8) | 0.001 |
| 5 | 23 | 36.5 (±7.3) | 65.8 (±11.8) | 51.8 (±10.0) | small group | 73.5 (±12.8) | 55.5 (±10.8) | 0.0001 |
Average scores are expressed in means (± SD) in percentages. The time between the post‐course test and the return day was 14 weeks. The time between the return day and the long‐term retention test was also 14 weeks. Regarding the last column, the significance levels for Group 1 < Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were calculated with pair‐wise comparisons based on estimated means.