Table 5.

Categorical indicators for level of involvement with child protection services and/or the youth justice system

	No involvement with youth justice system	Criminal charge before turning 18
No CPS involvement	No involvement with either system	Had a criminal charge before turning 18, but no CPS involvement
Received services from CPS	Received services from CPS, but no youth justice system involvement	Received services from CPS prior to any charge and had a criminal charge before turning 18
Spent at least 1 day in care of CPS	Was placed in care, but no youth justice system involvement	Was placed in care prior to any charge and had a criminal charge before turning 18

CPS, child protection services