Figure 1.

The phylogenetic relationships of representative genera, subgenera and species groups in subfamily Drosophilinae. The genus Drosophila is a paraphyletic group, and thus contains many other genera in the clade. Gray letters indicate subgenera and species groups that belong to the genus Drosophila. Wing illustrations indicate representative (but not all) pigmentation patterns of each operational taxonomic unit. The tree topology is based on Yassin (2013), except for the treatment of Drosophila guttifera (the rightmost illustration in the quinaria group), which is included in the quinaria group in this figure. The white circle (A) corresponds to the timepoint estimated as 62.9 ± 12.4 million years ago (Tamura, Subramanian, & Kumar, 2004)