Table 1.
Comparison of the main electrochemical results reported in Al–S battery studies, in chronological order (from oldest to newest).
|
Ref. |
Electrode composition |
Electrolyte |
Sulfur content [wt %] |
Sulfur loading [mg cm−2] |
Specific current [mA gs −1] |
Initial specific discharge capacity [mAh gS −1] |
Discharge voltage[a] [V] |
Specific energy of initial discharge[b] [Wh kgelectrodes −1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S, Ketjen black, PVDF (50:30:20) on stainless steel (non‐rechargeable) |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.5) |
50 |
1.1 |
30 |
1400 |
1.2 |
656 |
|
|
S on activated carbon cloth |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
n/a |
0.8–1.0 |
50 |
1320 |
0.65 |
n/a |
|
|
spreading the mixture of S and ionic liquid electrolyte onto activated CNF paper (S/CNF≈1:2) |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
33 |
≈1.0 |
≈30 (C/50) |
1350 |
1.05 |
395 |
|
|
spreading the mixture of S and ionic liquid electrolyte onto activated CNF paper (S/CNF≈1:2) |
0.5 m LiCF3SO3 in EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.25) |
33 |
≈1.0 |
≈30 (C/50) |
1250 |
0.76 |
265 |
|
|
S, CMK‐3, Ketjen black, PTFE (40:40:10:10) |
EMIBr‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
40 |
n/a |
251 |
1500 |
≈0.5 |
245 |
|
|
NBMPBr‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
40 |
n/a |
251 |
1390 |
≈0.5 |
227 |
||
|
S, MWCNT, polyacrylic latex (10:80:10) on Ni foil |
urea‐AlCl3 (1:1.4) |
10 |
0.42 |
1000 |
740 |
≈1.7 |
119 |
|
|
10 % S. SPAN, Ketjen black and PTFE (80:10:10) on carbon paper. |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.5) |
10 |
0.12 |
25 |
320 |
0.3 |
9 |
|
|
S, CMK‐3 1:1, with 10 % PTFE and 10 % Super C on Mo foil |
acetamide‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
40 |
0.25 |
100 |
2100 |
0.55 |
377 |
|
|
BN/S/C (6:1:2) with 10 % PVDF coated on Pt coated OHP organic film |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.3) |
10 |
≈0.3 |
100 |
≈275 |
1.15 |
≈30 |
|
|
this work |
S, CNT with PEO and PVP coated on Mo foil (58.8:29.4:7.9:3.9) |
EMICl‐AlCl3 (1:1.5) |
58.8 |
≈0.4–3.5 |
50 |
1404[c] |
0.31 |
192 |
|
acetamide‐AlCl3 (1:1.5) |
58.8 |
≈0.4–3.5 |
50 |
2129[c] |
0.42 |
395 |
||
|
urea‐AlCl3 (1:1.5) |
58.8 |
≈0.4–3.5 |
50 |
2359[c] |
0.41 |
428 |
[a] The discharge voltage from this work is the average voltage calculated by integrating the discharge voltage over the discharge capacity and then dividing by the total discharge capacity. The calculation procedure can be found in the Supporting Information (Equation S1). Because the average voltage has not been reported in previous published papers, the discharge voltage plateau is reported instead. [b] The specific energy of the initial discharge is normalized to the total mass of the sulfur and aluminum electrodes, and the calculation procedure can be found in the Supporting Information (Equation S2). [c] The thinnest mass loading (≈0.4 mg cm−2) is used when reporting the specific capacity and specific energy.