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. 2020 Apr 24;40(7):1516–1528. doi: 10.1111/liv.14468

TABLE 1.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) prevalence in general population

Continent Country Anti‐HEV IgG Anti‐HEV IgM Anti‐HEV IgM HEV RNA
No. of studies Events Tested (n) Prevalence (%) 95% CI No. of studies Events Tested (n) Prevalence (%) 95% CI No. of studies Events Tested (n) Prevalence (%) 95% CI
Asia China 42 200 221 579 696 22.68 19.67; 25.83 18 1186 88 587 1.76 1.29; 2.31 5 106 56 319 0.41 0.07;1.06
Thailand 4 121 2632 4.82 0.30; 14.31 2 5 2057 0.12 0.00; 1.05 1 26 30 115 0.09 0.06;0.12
Israel 3 133 7115 3.36 0.19; 10.22 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Saudi Arabia 3 428 2911 15.41 10.77; 20.70 1 39 900 4.33 3.10; 5.76 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Japan 8 1901 40 936 4.26 3.27; 5.37 5 32 27 478 0.30 0.06; 0.73 2 41 623 325 0.05 0.00;0.29
Jordan 1 139 450 30.89 26.71; 35.23 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Kazakhstan 1 11 199 5.53 2.79; 9.12 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Korea 3 328 3969 9.30 4.87; 14.96 1 9 1030 0.87 0.40; 1.53 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Vietnam 2 44 833 7.25 0.39; 21.55 1 1 187 0.53 0.00; 2.08 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Yemen 1 38 356 10.67 7.68; 14.09 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Bangladesh 3 509 1707 36.87 17.16; 59.20 1 20 273 7.33 4.54; 10.71 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
India 7 3160 14 136 27.15 19.31; 35.78 5 348 5354 10.18 2.08; 23.38 4 510 8462 6.59 0.22;20.71
Indonesia 2 50 858 5.83 4.36; 7.49 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Mongolia 3 36 1486 2.70 0.06; 9.08 2 0 1237 0 0.00; 0.08 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Iran 20 1208 12 547 8.98 5.74; 12.86 5 38 4148 0.80 0.19; 1.82 2 7 2031 0.24 0.00;2.16
Cambodia 3 1074 3173 28.93 14.46; 46.04 2 55 2305 1.31 0.01; 4.74 2 3 1169 0.25 0.05;0.63
Singapore 1 30 219 13.70 9.48; 18.56 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Laos 1 38 210 18.10 13.20; 23.58 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Nepal 2 1344 2602 59.19 26.14; 88.13 1 54 1686 3.20 2.42; 4.10 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Qatar 1 1198 5854 20.46 19.44; 21.51 1 34 5854 0.58 0.40; 0.79 1 4 5854 0.07 0.02;0.15
United Arab Emirates ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 93 469 19.83 16.35; 23.56 1 28 469 5.97 4.01;8.29
Total 111 212 011 681 373 15.80 13.29; 18.49 46 1920 141 565 1.86 1.34; 2.46 18 725 727 744 0.93 0.48;1.52
Africa Nigeria 2 56 588 10.17 5.32; 16.35 2 17 927 2.83 0.00; 17.56 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Burkina Faso 1 56 178 31.46 24.86; 38.46 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Burundi 1 18 129 13.95 8.54; 20.44 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Djibouti 1 14 112 12.50 7.05; 19.23 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Egypt 6 6670 14 052 42.43 20.40; 66.19 1 6 100 6.00 2.22; 11.47 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Ethiopia 2 481 1232 37.09 26.85; 47.95 2 10 1232 0.80 0.38; 1.37 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Gabon 2 135 1083 10.23 4.02; 18.87 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Ghana 3 75 789 8.74 4.39; 14.38 3 44 789 5.87 0.06; 20.10 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Benin 1 62 278 22.30 17.61; 27.38 1 7 278 2.52 1.01; 4.68 1 0 278 0 0.00;1.32
Malawi 1 80 397 20.15 16.36; 24.23 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
South Africa 3 418 2243 16.00 1.55; 41.31 1 16 782 2.05 1.17; 3.16 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
South Sudan 1 154 206 74.76 68.61; 80.44 1 9 206 4.37 2.01; 7.58 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Tanzania 1 1 403 0.25 0.00; 0.97 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Tunisia 1 37 687 5.39 3.82; 7.20 1 20 687 2.91 1.79; 4.30 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Total 26 8257 22 377 21.76 13.05; 31.98 12 129 5001 3.09 1.49; 5.24 1 0 278 0 0.00;0.35
Europe Finland 1 37 385 9.61 6.87; 12.75 1 1 385 0.26 0.00; 1.02 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
France 8 3978 17 778 14.51 6.80; 24.49 5 230 15 027 1.16 0.30; 2.57 3 32 917 6.75 0.14;22.04
Germany 11 2146 11 045 14.35 6.69; 24.30 2 60 2183 2.86 0.00; 23.32 2 16 17 144 0.14 0.02;0.37
Moldova 1 63 255 24.71 19.62; 30.18 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Greece 1 25 265 9.43 6.22; 13.24 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Turkey 10 225 4656 4.93 2.68; 7.81 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
UK 7 706 9672 5.60 3.11; 8.76 3 25 96 341 0.36 0.00; 1.66 4 600 2 201 609 0.02 0.01;0.04
Iceland 1 6 291 2.06 0.75; 4.01 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Ireland 2 73 1274 6.17 3.92; 8.90 1 2 1076 0.19 0.02; 0.53 1 10 24 985 0.04 0.02;0.07
Italy 14 1690 19 488 7.28 4.54; 10.60 4 49 10 559 0.44 0.19; 0.78 2 12 10 363 0.83 0.00;7.27
Czech 1 13 230 5.65 3.05; 9.00 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Denmark 2 296 1459 11.09 0.00; 57.44 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 11 25 637 0.04 0.02;0.07
Austria 2 306 2200 13.91 12.49; 15.38 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 7 58 915 0.01 0.00;0.02
Bulgaria 1 67 741 9.04 7.08; 11.21 1 0 741 0 0.00; 0.13 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Montenegro 1 24 400 6.00 3.89; 8.53 00B7· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Netherlands 8 3521 25 786 16.07 6.09; 29.62 3 491 13 503 2.00 0.05; 6.63 4 96 67 041 0.40 0.03;1.18
Norway 1 177 1263 14.01 12.16; 15.98 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Poland 4 1561 4497 14.17 2.07; 34.48 3 41 3470 1.02 0.52; 1.67 1 10 12 664 0.08 0.04;0.14
Portugal 3 380 2812 8.72 2.20; 18.99 1 8 1656 0.48 0.21; 0.87 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Romania 1 22 148 14.86 9.61; 21.03 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 6 148 4.05 1.49;7.81
Russia 1 62 341 18.18 14.27; 22.45 1 2 341 0.59 0.06; 1.67 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
San Marino 1 33 2233 1.48 1.02; 2.02 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Serbia 2 50 726 8.46 0.95; 22.35 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Spain 7 2282 18 534 5.08 0.85; 12.58 1 7 1040 0.67 0.27; 2.16 3 7 22 351 0.03 0.01;0.06
Sweden 2 14 205 6.51 2.40; 12.45 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Switzerland 4 803 5228 7.25 0.97; 18.62 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Total 97 18 560 132 419 9.31 7.35; 11.48 26 916 146 322 0.79 0.30; 1.51 23 807 2 441 744 0.08 0.05;0.11
Oceania New Zealand 1 98 1013 9.67 7.93; 11.57 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Australia 1 17 550 3.09 1.81; 4.70 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 1 74 131 0 0.00;0.01
Total 2 115 1563 5.99 1.22; 14.03 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 1 74 131 0 0.00;0.01
North America Cuba 3 74 1827 4.89 0.70; 12.55 1 5 1149 0.44 0.14; 0.90 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Mexico 6 535 4977 8.97 3.75; 16.14 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
USA 12 7747 60 291 9.65 5.68; 14.53 3 12 11 048 0.16 0.00; 0.78 2 2 20 768 0.01 0.00;0.03
Canada 2 252 4495 4.35 1.82; 7.91 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· 1 0 13 993 0 0.00;0.01
Nicaragua 1 17 399 4.26 2.50;6.46 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Total 24 8625 71 989 8.05 5.47; 11.09 4 17 12 197 0.22 0.00; 0.74 3 2 34 761 0 0.00;0.02
South America Chile 1 82 469 17.48 14.18; 21.05 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Argentina 3 145 5831 5.92 1.29; 13.60 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Venezuela 1 23 611 3.76 2.40; 5.42 1 3 611 0.49 0.09; 1.20 ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Bolivia 5 209 1940 9.50 3.19; 18.70 1 10 574 1.74 0.83; 2.97 1 3 123 2.44 0.47;5.89
Brazil 10 315 4739 6.39 3.25; 10.49 4 50 1495 3.46 0.12; 11.09 2 0 931 0 0.00;0.10
Guyana 1 64 996 6.43 4.99; 8.03 ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ·· ··
Total 21 838 14 586 7.28 4.83; 10.19 6 63 2680 2.43 0.43; 6.00 3 3 1054 0.18 0.00;1.36
Multiple   6 3158 175 410 14.64 0.40; 43.67 4 18 171 236 0.15 0.00; 0.56 1 16 165 010 0.01 0.01;0.02
Total 287 251 564 1 099 717 12.47 10.42; 14.67 98 3063 479 001 1.47 1.14; 1.85 50 1554 3 444 752 0.20 0.15;0.25

Multiple: studies contained more than one countries.