Figure 2.

Reconstruction of pigment state across the Caryophyllales supports four origins of betalain pigmentation. (a) Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions of pigmentation on a time‐calibrated, genus‐level maximum likelihood species tree of Caryophyllales, inferred from seven nuclear and plastid markers. Tips are coloured according to pigmentation state: anthocyanin (blue), betalain (pink) and unknown (grey). Pie charts at nodes give posterior probabilities at nodes for anthocyanin (blue) and betalain (pink), inferred from n = 1000 stochastic mapping simulations under the asymmetric (ARD) model of character evolution. (b) The reconstruction shown in (a) simplified to show family‐level relationships. Numbers represent the four inferred origins of betalain pigmentation. Branches in bold indicate relationships that were constrained during tree inference.