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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anim Cogn. 2020 Apr 30;23(4):795–805. doi: 10.1007/s10071-020-01385-0

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Gesture following differs between intact and spayed and neutered dogs. Predicted cognitive trajectory for the memory vs. pointing task throughout aging (years) of an average dog in the dataset whether spayed or neutered (green) or intact (blue), with bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals