Table 4.

Effect of 1916 county polio notification rate per 1000 on educational attainment of age cohorts, 1895–1916

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Years of education in 1940
Polio * Age 14–17 in 1916	$-0.{023}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	$-0.{025}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	$-0.{019}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Polio * Age 11—13 in 1916	$-0.{017}^{\ast \ast }$	$-0.{022}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	$-0.{022}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.007)	(0.005)	(0.006)
Polio * Age 0–10 in 1916	$-0.{025}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	$-0.{036}^{\ast \ast \ast }$	$-0.{034}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Birth year cohort FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
County in 1940 FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
Birth state trends	No	Yes	No
1916 Economic controls	No	No	Yes
Cohort schooling laws	No	No	Yes
Reference cohort	Age 18–21	Age 18–21	Age 18–21
N	26,341	26,341	26,341
Adj $R^2$	0.053	0.054	0.054

Results reported are for white males. Sample is restricted to individuals residing in the same state as their state of birth. Years of education are top coded at 17 years. Age cohorts interacted with polio correspond to birth years 1899/1902, 1903/1905, and 1906/1916. The reference birth cohort is 1895/1898. Standard errors are clustered by county of residence in 1940 and are in parentheses. All specifications include county of residence in 1940 FE and birth year FE. 1916 Economic Controls are controls interacted with age cohort dummies. These variables include 1916 state-level doctors per capita, education expenditures per capita, log manufacturing wages per earner and log population. Cohort Schooling Laws included proxies for the age of school entry, age of school exit and age of work permit that varies by state of birth and by year of birth.

${}^{\ast }$ $p<0.10$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ $p<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ $p<0.01$