Table 5.

Effect of 1916 polio notification rate per 1000 x age-specific polio infection risk on educational attainment of age cohorts, 1895–1916

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Years of education in 1940
Polio * Age-specific infection risk	$-0.{213}^{\ast }$	-0.064	$-0.{302}^{\ast \ast }$
	(0.124)	(0.107)	(0.125)
Birth year cohort FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
State 1940 FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
Birth state FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
Birth state trend	No	Yes	No
1916 Economic controls	No	No	Yes
Cohort schooling laws	No	No	Yes
Reference cohort	1895–98	1895–98	1895–98
N	166,613	166,613	166,555
Adj $R^2$	0.079	0.080	0.079

Results reported are for white males. Sample is restricted to individuals residing in the same state as their state of birth. Years of education are top coded at 17 years. Polio is interacted with polio-specific age-specific infection risk from Boston, MA in 1916 (Dauer 1938). Persons ages 0 to 4 in 1916 are assigned an infection risk of 68%, persons ages 5 to 9 are assigned a risk of 20%, person ages 10 to 19 are assigned a risk of 8% and persons older that 19 are assigned an infection risk of 4%. The average infection risk in the sample is 26.9% and has a standard deviation of 25.6%. Standard errors are clustered by county of residence in 1940 and are in parentheses. All specifications include county of residence in 1940 FE and birth year FE. 1916 Economic Controls are controls interacted with age cohort dummies. These variables include 1916 state level doctors per capita, education expenditures per capita, log manufacturing wages per earner, and log population. Cohort Schooling Laws included proxies for the age of school entry, age of school exit, and age of work permit that varies by state of birth and by year of birth.

${}^{\ast }$ $p<0.10$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ $p<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ $p<0.01$