Table 7.

Effect of 1916 polio and 1918–1919 influenza notification rate per 1000 on educational attainment of age cohorts

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Years of education in 1940
Polio * Age 14–17 in 1916	$-0.{104}^{\ast \ast }$	$-0.{096}^{\ast \ast }$	$-0.{206}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.038)	(0.041)	(0.036)
Polio * Age 11–13 in 1916	− 0.024	− 0.007	$-0.{159}^{\ast \ast }$
	(0.080)	(0.069)	(0.060)
Polio * Age 0–10 in 1916	− 0.121	− 0.079	$-0.{318}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.082)	(0.084)	(0.057)
Flu1918*Age 14–17 in 1916	0.001	0.019	-0.018
	(0.021)	(0.015)	(0.016)
Flu1918*Age 11–13 in 1916	− 0.040	− 0.009	$-0.{066}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.030)	(0.017)	(0.019)
Flu1918*Age 0–10 in 1916	− 0.056	0.004	$-0.{095}^{\ast \ast \ast }$
	(0.038)	(0.035)	(0.028)
Flu1919*Age 14–17 in 1916	− 0.054	− 0.115	0.113
	(0.089)	(0.132)	(0.091)
Flu1919*Age 11–13 in 1916	− 0.104	− 0.215	0.092
	(0.117)	(0.167)	(0.172)
Flu1919*Age 0–10 in 1916	− 0.024	− 0.244	$0.{425}^{\ast \ast }$
	(0.138)	(0.248)	(0.188)
Birth year cohort FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
State 1940 FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
Birth state FE	Yes	Yes	Yes
Birth state trends	No	Yes	No
1916 Economic controls	No	No	Yes
Cohort schooling laws	No	No	Yes
Reference cohort	Age 18–21	Age 18–21	Age 18–21
N	115,543	115,543	115,543
Adj $R^2$	0.084	0.085	0.084

Results reported are for white males. Years of education are top coded at 17 years. Age cohorts interacted with polio correspond to birth years 1899/1902, 1903/1905 and 1906/1916. The reference birth cohort is 1895/1898. Standard errors are clustered by state of birth and are in parentheses. All specifications include state of birth fixed effects, fixed effects for state of residence in 1940 and birth year FE. 1916 Economic Controls are controls interacted with age cohort dummies. These variables include 1916 state-level doctors per capita, education expenditures per capita, log manufacturing wages per earner and log population. Cohort Schooling Laws included proxies for the age of school entry, age of school exit and age of work permit that varies by state of birth and by year of birth.

${}^{\ast }$ $p<0.10$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ $p<0.05$, ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ $p<0.01$