Vertical nanostructures induce nuclear membrane deformation. (a, b) TEM images of nuclear membrane deformation on vertical nanowires49 and nanopillars.23 Scale bars, (a) 1 μm and (b) 2 μm. (c) Confocal microscopy showed nuclear membrane deformation of 3T3 nucleus on nanopillars.23 Scale bars, 3 μm. (d) Nuclear deformation between PLLA micropillars showed by fluorescence microscopy.51 Reprinted with permission from the following: ref 49, Copyright 2013 Wiley; ref 23, Copyright 2015 Nature Publishing Group; ref 51, Copyright 2013 Elsevier.