Table 2.
Results of subgroup analyses
| One or two decisions | Three decisions | Attitude towards wife beating | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall OR (95% CI) | PI (95% CI) | k | I2 | Overall OR (9% CI) | PI OR (95% CI) | k | I2 | Overall OR (95% CI) | PI OR (95% CI) | k | I2 | |
| Survey year | ||||||||||||
| 2015-2018 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.60, 1.33 | 12 | 53.1* | 0.96 (0.87,1.05) | 0.82, 1.12 | 12 | 9.6 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.78, 1.18 | 11 | 41.3 |
| 2012-2014 | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.65, 1.24 | 15 | 34.6 | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.57, 1.30 | 15 | 47* | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.85, 1.22 | 15 | 28.7 |
| 2005 - 2011 | 0.94 (0.81,1.09) | 0.76, 1.16 | 6 | 0 | 0.87 (0.59,1.28) | 0.27, 2.85 | 6 | 70.9* | 0.97(0.76, 1.23) | 0.45, 2.10 | 6 | 74* |
| Income category | ||||||||||||
| Low income | 0.89 (0.81,0.99) | 0.66,1.21 | 18 | 42.7* | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 0.67, 1.31 | 18 | 48.2* | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.78, 1.19 | 17 | 45.9* |
| Lower-middle | 0.88 (0.75,1.02) | 0.59, 1.30 | 12 | 40.3 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.52, 1.38 | 13 | 49.6* | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.78, 1.27 | 12 | 38.3 |
| Upper-middle | 1.23 (0.75,2.01) | 0.05, 29.83 | 3 | 1.4 (0.80, 2.43) | 0.01, 131.5 | 3 | 19.6 | 1.31 (1.01, 1.71) | 0.15, 11.4 | 3 | 19.4 | |
| Sample size | ||||||||||||
| 1754-6453 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.64, 1.27 | `12 | 19 | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) | 0.49, 1.90 | 12 | 52.6* | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.81, 1.41 | 12 | |
| 6750-9824 | 0.86 (0.77,0.97) | 0.65, 1.15 | `12 | 32.4 | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.79, 0.97 | 12 | 0 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.68, 1.29 | 13 | 62.2* |
| 10754-11903 | 0.94 (0.78,1.13) | 0.53, 1.67 | 5 | 56.8 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.52, 1.71 | 5 | 60.9* | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.74, 1.37 | 5 | 39.9 |
| 12448-19036 | 0.89 (0.66,1.20) | 0.26,2.99 | 4 | 65* | 0.89 (0.54, 1.46) | 0.1, 8.22 | 4 | 84.5* | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 0.49, 1.98 | 3 | 0 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| South-central Africa | 0.67 (0.34,1.30) | NA | 1 | NA | 0.75 (0.38, 1.49) | NA | 1 | NA | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | NA | 1 | NA |
| West Africa | 0.86 (0.77,0.96) | 0.65, 1.15 | 12 | 39 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.55, 1.56 | 13 | 66* | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.85, 1.20 | 13 | 25.1 |
| East Africa | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.47, 1.53 | 7 | 65.4* | 0.88 (0.77, 1.00) | 0.66, 1.17 | 7 | 28.5 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 0.86. 1.00 | 7 | 0 |
| Equatorial Africa | 1.09 (0.78, 1.53) | NA | 3 | 0 | 0.80 (0.56, 1.13) | NA | 3 | 0 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 0.33, 2.93 | 3 | 0 |
| Southern Africa | 1.09 (0.82, 1.45) | 0.58, 2.06 | 6 | 23.6 | 0.19 (0.79, 1.79) | 0.37, 3.87 | 6 | 59.4* | 0.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 0.77, 1.61 | 6 | 34.8 |
| South east Africa | 0.84 (0.47, 1.50) | NA | 1 | NA | 0.67 (0.40, 1.13) | NA | 1 | NA | 0.61 (0.46, 0.81) | NA | 1 | NA |
| Central Africa | 0.81 (0.50, 1.32) | NA | 2 | 0 | 0.84 (0.52, 1.35) | NA | 2 | NA | 0.61(1.09, 2.37) | NA | 1 | NA |
NA=Not Available; PI=Predictive interval which is inestimable for < 3 studies; I2 is
indicates significance at p-value < 0.05; k= number of studies. One or two decisions refers to women who participated in one or two of the three decision topics, namely large household purchase, visit to family or relative and own health care alone or with her partner. Three decisions indicates women who participated alone or jointly with her partner on all of the three decision topic mentioned above. Wife-beating attitude refers to the proportion of women who disagreed to all of the five “ is wife-beating justified if ” questions: (a) burning food, (b) arguing with him, (c) going out without telling him, (d) neglecting the children, and (e) refusing to have sexual intercourse with him