Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | Control | Diabetes |
|---|---|---|
| Patients, n | 13 | 15 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 7 (54) | 9 (60) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 72 ± 7 | 70 ± 6 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25 ± 2 | 34 ± 3* |
| CAD, n (%) | 23 (0) | 4 (27) |
| AVD/MVD, n (%) | 5 (38) | 7 (47) |
| CAD + AVD/MVD, n (%) | 5 (38) | 4 (27) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 10 (77) | 10 (67) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 7 (54) | 13 (87)* |
| Smoker—current or ex, n (%) | 4 (31) | 6 (40) |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 5 (38) | 5 (33) |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD§ | 57 ± 11 | 58 ± 9 |
| LA diameter (mm), mean ± SD§§ | 47 ± 13 | 44 ± 10 |
| Antidiabetic drugs, n (%)# | 0 (0) | 15 (100)* |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 11 (85) | 12 (80) |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 6 (46) | 10 (67) |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Digitalis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (6) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 6 (46) | 10 (67) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 7 (54) | 10 (67) |
| Oral anticoagulants, n (%) | 1 (7) | 3 (20) |
| Platelet inhibitors, n (%) | 8 (62) | 9 (60) |
| CRP (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 0.57 ± 0.5 | 0.56 ± 0.5 |
| Leukocytes (/nL), mean ± SD | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 8.7 ± 2.7 |
Wilcoxon rank sum test used for continuous variables. Fisher’s exact test used for categorical values
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AF atrial fibrillation, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, AVD aortic valve disease, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CRP C-reactive protein, EF ejection fraction, LA left atrial, LV left ventricular, MI myocardial infarction, MVD mitral valve disease, SD standard deviation
*
P < 0.05
#
Insulin and/or metformin and/or sitagliptin, glibenclamide or dapagliflozin
§
Data missing from n = 2 control and n = 2 diabetes patients
§§
Data missing from n = 4 control and n = 6 diabetes patients