Table 1.

Studies showing a role for glucocorticoids during acute stress in behavioral resilience.

Study	Organism	Challenge	Measurement/intervention	Follow-up	Findings
Delahanty et al. 2000	Human	Motor vehicle accident	Post-trauma urinary cortisol (15 hours)	1 month	Lower urinary cortisol predicted higher PTSD symptoms
Schelling et al. 2001	Human	Septic shock	Hydrocortisone during illness (observational)	31 months (mean)	Hydrocortisone was associated with lower PTSD incidence
Schelling et al. 2004	Human	Cardiac surgery	Perioperative hydrocortisone (randomized)	6 months	Hydrocortisone decreased PTSD symptoms
Weis et al. 2006	Human	Cardiac surgery	Hydrocortisone after surgery	6 months	Hydrocortisone decreased PTSD symptoms and increased HRQoL
Zohar it el. 2011	Human	Traumatic event	Hydrocortisone or placebo injection after trauma	Up to 3 months	Hydrocortisone decreased all symptoms
Bienvenu et al. 2013	Human	ARDS	ICU corticosteroid treatment days	2 years	More steroid days predicted fewer PTSD symptoms
Spencer-Segal et al. 2017	Human	ARDS	ICU corticosteroid treatment days	6 months	More steroid days predicted lower anxiety
Zohar et al. 2011	Rat	Predator scent	Corticosterone injection 1 hour after exposure	7 days	Corticosterone decreased anxiety and startle, and prevented dentate dendritic retraction
Cohen et al. 2006	Rat	Predator scent	Corticosterone response to predator scent/Preexposure corticosterone injection	7 days	Lower corticosterone predicted greater anxiety and startle, prevented with corticosterone
Cohen et al. 2008	Rat	Predator scent	Corticosterone injection 1 hour after exposure	30 days	High dose corticosterone decreased anxiety, startle, and freezing
Rao et al. 2012	Rat	Acute restraint	ADX/corticosterone treatment prerestraint	10 days	ADX exacerbated and corticosterone prevented anxiety and BLA dendritic spine increase

Abbreviations: PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder; ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; HRQoL, Health-related quality of life; BLA, basolateral amygdala; ASD, acute stress disorder