Table 2.
Mean plasma total lipid fatty acid concentrations (μmol fatty acid/L plasma) in control and maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) pregnancies, based on linear mixed models.
| GD120 | GD140 | GD170 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FETAL PLASMA | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value |
| myristic (14:0) | 31.51 ± 12.41* | 30.78 ± 10.77† | 0.837 | 32.85 ± 8.46* | 30.01 ± 7.37† | 0.489 | 22.01 ± 4.18 | 20.61 ± 4.3 | 0.742 |
| palmitic (16:0) | 983.07 ± 223.85* | 919.99 ± 229.12† | 0.404 | 933.48 ± 99.23 | 922.39 ± 138.72 | 0.898 | 734.13 ± 105.45 | 730.8 ± 73.3 | 0.97 |
| palmitoleic (16:1 n-7) | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.994 | 69.65 ± 41.6* | 75.35 ± 63.08† | 0.621 | 29.16 ± 11.27 | 31.14 ± 7.6 | 0.868 |
| stearic (18:0) | 535.59 ± 149.78 | 536.63 ± 90.89 | 0.987 | 583.1 ± 52.11 | 613.23 ± 72.38 | 0.681 | 543.16 ± 59.55 | 494.02 ± 58. | 0.518 |
| oleic (18:1 n-9) | 930.24 ± 301.68* | 882.21 ± 272.82† | 0.602 | 892.76 ± 244.17 | 957.14 ± 150.58† | 0.541 | 572.49 ± 97.28 | 614.02 ± 66. | 0.704 |
| linoleic (18:2 n-6) | 187.03 ± 60.27 | 182.76 ± 48.57 | 0.881 | 202.21 ± 47.53 | 231.7 ± 30.42 | 0.368 | 166.73 ± 36.92 | 151.89 ± 14. | 0.662 |
| α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 18.98 ± 7.07 | 16.76 ± 4.97 | 0.492 | 12.83 ± 5.27 | 17.07 ± 3.9 | 0.253 | 18.5 ± 3.41 | 16.9 ± 4.23 | 0.678 |
| γ-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 7.66 ± 4.99* | 7.38 ± 2.45† | 0.84 | 4.82 ± 2.09 | 6.79 ± 3.72 | 0.217 | 4.54 ± 0.94 | 8.4 ± 2.99 | 0.02 |
| dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3 n-6) | 31.48 ± 8.88 | 26.8 ± 6.61† | 0.311 | 31.43 ± 7.85 | 36.63 ± 10.75 | 0.326 | 22.69 ± 4.04 | 29.56 ± 5.1 | 0.211 |
| arachidonic (20:4 n-6) | 472.36 ± 121.79* | 424.29 ± 139.59† | 0.272 | 448.08 ± 109.39* | 426.42 ± 110.5† | 0.666 | 268.37 ± 24.33 | 246.31 ± 41. | 0.672 |
| eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) | 5.28 ± 1.51* | 5.05 ± 1.71† | 0.815 | 3.86 ± 4 | 3.26 ± 3.72 | 0.597 | 4.07 ± 1.46 | 2.09 ± 0.6 | 0.089 |
| adrenic (22:4 n-6) | 6.1 ± 1.87* | 5.32 ± 1.37† | 0.127 | 5.79 ± 0.75* | 4.85 ± 0.88† | 0.108 | 6.36 ± 0.91* | 7.19 ± 1.25 | 0.175 |
| n3 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-3) | 5.85 ± 1.4 | 5.19 ± 1.02 | 0.451 | 6.21 ± 1.82 | 5.74 ± 1.7 | 0.633 | 6.63 ± 1.76 | 5.38 ± 1.06 | 0.223 |
| docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) | 128.57 ± 34.41* | 123.32 ± 35.87† | 0.688 | 96.22 ± 13.46 | 92.66 ± 18.07 | 0.812 | 75.56 ± 18.36 | 92.37 ± 26. | 0.279 |
| n6 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-6) | 10.22 ± 4.04 | 10.04 ± 2.25 | 0.912 | 7.52 ± 2.34 | 5.61 ± 1.31 | 0.297 | 7.46 ± 2.31 | 6.54 ± 1.29 | 0.628 |
| Total | 3354.04 ± 811.89 | 3176.56 ± 697.95† | 0.51 | 3330.79 ± 481.15 | 3428.85 ± 412.78 | 0.751 | 2481.85 ± 269.63 | 2457.24 ± 165 | 0.939 |
| GD120 | GD140 | GD170 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATERNAL PLASMA | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value |
| myristic (14:0) | 13.29 ± 6.76 | 14.25 ± 7.62 | 0.789 | 14.99 ± 3.7 | 16.65 ± 6.35 | 0.686 | 19.48 ± 3.19 | 16.8 ± 10.3 | 0.529 |
| palmitic (16:0) | 673.5 ± 136.52 | 556.5 ± 103.9 | 0.122 | 872.9 ± 166.27 | 807.47 ± 231.98 | 0.45 | 1036.81 ± 159.06* | 816.14 ± 206. | 0.014 |
| palmitoleic (16:1 n-7) | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.999 | 20.43 ± 13.57 | 15.19 ± 12.67 | 0.649 | 20.25 ± 8.98 | 14.11 ± 7.7 | 0.608 |
| stearic (18:0) | 768.23 ± 167.21* | 583.06 ± 85.18 | 0.004 | 891.73 ± 240.85* | 815.88 ± 238.54† | 0.3 | 1020.68 ± 119.18* | 820.14 ± 197. | 0.008 |
| oleic (18:1 n-9) | 568.86 ± 171.99 | 460.92 ± 115.77 | 0.241 | 740.45 ± 150.3 | 631.05 ± 191.67 | 0.299 | 713.51 ± 310.25 | 576.31 ± 172. | 0.21 |
| linoleic (18:2 n-6) | 338.05 ± 58.38* | 262.68 ± 46.28† | 0.008 | 477.29 ± 111.2* | 452.99 ± 85.44† | 0.458 | 503.23 ± 91.52* | 369.97 ± 81.6 | <0.001 |
| α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 29.34 ± 7.44* | 26.92 ± 6.63† | 0.455 | 38.21 ± 9.87* | 26.72 ± 11.52† | 0.002 | 41.95 ± 7.38* | 30.44 ± 10.1 | 0.003 |
| γ-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 2.72 ± 1.01 | 3.26 ± 2.05 | 0.694 | 5.15 ± 2.58 | 3.72 ± 3.45 | 0.37 | 9.28 ± 4.79* | 5.73 ± 3.32 | 0.032 |
| dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3 n-6) | 23.07 ± 8.31 | 17.65 ± 4.98 | 0.241 | 35.29 ± 13.66 | 26.66 ± 19.97 | 0.103 | 38.8 ± 7.38* | 33.9 ± 15.5 | 0.371 |
| arachidonic (20:4 n-6) | 293.52 ± 86.99 | 214.97 ± 58.55 | 0.073 | 346.48 ± 103.98 | 287.77 ± 137.04 | 0.242 | 280.8 ± 55.13 | 211 ± 55.32 | 0.18 |
| eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) | 3.19 ± 1.11 | 2.23 ± 0.7 | 0.325 | 3.71 ± 3.76 | 2.21 ± 2.31 | 0.18 | 6.76 ± 0.7* | 5.09 ± 1.2† | 0.151 |
| adrenic (22:4 n-6) | 3.37 ± 0.77 | 3.12 ± 0.84 | 0.631 | 3.37 ± 1.24 | 3.58 ± 1.11 | 0.715 | 4.84 ± 0.95 | 4.13 ± 0.96 | 0.241 |
| n3 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-3) | 5.87 ± 1.35 | 5.36 ± 1.78 | 0.555 | 8.77 ± 3.03* | 7.89 ± 3.98† | 0.376 | 8.16 ± 0.93 | 6.94 ± 1.02 | 0.232 |
| docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) | 101.98 ± 29.98 | 91.27 ± 28.8 | 0.412 | 118.43 ± 33.38 | 103.7 ± 38.72 | 0.325 | 120.1 ± 27.07* | 105.36 ± 24. | 0.343 |
| n6 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-6) | 10.69 ± 5.67 | 10.52 ± 3.6 | 0.912 | 11.2 ± 3.74 | 9.46 ± 6.04† | 0.341 | 11.8 ± 3.25* | 8.44 ± 1.25 | 0.076 |
| Total | 2835.69 ± 574.51 | 2252.74 ± 378.47 | 0.031 | 3588.39 ± 665.62 | 3210.94 ± 884.13 | 0.222 | 3836.46 ± 584.98* | 3024.49 ± 721 | 0.011 |
Values expressed as mean ± SD
*
p value < 0.05 maternal vs fetal in control group
†
p value < 0.05 maternal vs fetal in MNR group