Table 4.
Mean plasma fatty acid concentrations (μmol fatty acid/L plasma) in non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) fraction in control and maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) baboons, based on linear mixed models.
| GD120 | GD140 | GD170 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FETAL PLASMA | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value |
| myristic (14:0) | 20.71 ± 9.68 | 15.3 ± 14.41† | 0.218 | 8.71 ± 6.36 | 7.4 ± 5.59 | 0.794 | 2.73 ± 6.9 | 2.98 ± 6.36 | 0.962 |
| palmitic (16:0) | 138.73 ± 91.11 | 117.47 ± 130.75 | 0.619 | 82.78 ± 49.46 | 79.21 ± 32.84 | 0.942 | 26.22 ± 69.72 | 3.23 ± 59.82 | 0.651 |
| palmitoleic (16:1 n-7) | 2.13 ± 1.39 | 1.47 ± 0.55 | 0.565 | 4.06 ± 2.18 | 2.47 ± 1.28 | 0.226 | 1.59 ± 0.65 | 1.46 ± 1.43 | 0.923 |
| stearic (18:0) | 148.44 ± 102 | 143.65 ± 106.58 | 0.913 | 62.75 ± 37.82 | 76.49 ± 62.07 | 0.785 | 66.56 ± 72.75 | 49.04 ± 139.75 | 0.737 |
| oleic (18:1 n-9) | 21.62 ± 17.39 | 13.67 ± 8.46 | 0.65 | 57.56 ± 43.36 | 45.16 ± 34.23 | 0.536 | 25.99 ± 21.75 | 37.83 ± 52.6 | 0.569 |
| linoleic (18:2 n-6) | 7.93 ± 5.26 | 7.95 ± 6.86 | 0.996 | 12.15 ± 9.83 | 11.79 ± 7.87 | 0.941 | 10.32 ± 7.94 | 9.25 ± 8.46 | 0.829 |
| α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 0.34 ± 0.36 | 0.32 ± 0.48 | 0.974 | 0.83 ± 0.88 | 0.77 ± 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.61 ± 0.76 | 0.43 ± 0.49 | 0.653 |
| γ-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 0.46 ± 0.16 | 0.41 ± 0.24 | 0.532 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.11 | 0.909 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.722 |
| dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3 n-6) | 0.56 ± 0.25* | 0.36 ± 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.906 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.855 |
| arachidonic (20:4 n-6) | 3.51 ± 1.95 | 3.08 ± 0.87 | 0.404 | 1.36 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.787 | 1 ± 0.13 | 0.94 ± 0.18 | 0.928 |
| eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) | 0.33 ± 0.15 | 0.28 ± 0.1 | 0.259 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.989 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.98 |
| adrenic (22:4 n-6) | 0.19 ± 0.08* | 0.15 ± 0.08† | 0.122 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.631 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.511 |
| n3 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-3) | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.594 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.665 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.977 |
| docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) | 1.99 ± 0.69* | 1.65 ± 0.48† | 0.093 | 1.27 ± 0.22 | 1.04 ± 0.18 | 0.316 | 0.79 ± 0.25 | 0.82 ± 0.1 | 0.913 |
| n6 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-6) | 0.31 ± 0.11* | 0.28 ± 0.14† | 0.573 | 0.11 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.522 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.261 |
| Total | 347.4 ± 182.3 | 306.18 ± 245 | 0.649 | 232.11 ± 132.33 | 226.13 ± 89.15 | 0.954 | 136.37 ± 31.52 | 106.67 ± 93.75 | 0.783 |
| GD120 | GD140 | GD170 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATERNAL PLASMA | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value | Control | MNR | p value |
| myristic (14:0) | 16.56 ± 9.66 | 6.85 ± 6.39 | 0.027 | 26.17 ± 17.29* | 5.26 ± 8.09 | <0.001 | 4.28 ± 10.66 | 1.59 ± 7.08 | 0.628 |
| palmitic (16:0) | 171.64 ± 89.18 | 87.64 ± 84.33 | 0.05 | 277.68 ± 196.2* | 57.67 ± 52.86 | <0.001 | 46.08 ± 98.6 | 48.95 ± 66.64 | 0.856 |
| palmitoleic (16:1 n-7) | 2.11 ± 1.78 | 1.22 ± 0.79 | 0.437 | 11.32 ± 8.41* | 1.73 ± 0.93 | <0.001 | 2.91 ± 1.58 | 1.3 ± 0.57 | 0.263 |
| stearic (18:0) | 201.21 ± 130.55 | 107.11 ± 48.04 | 0.032 | 169.73 ± 151.81* | 53.45 ± 81.66 | 0.021 | 57.84 ± 88.48 | 127.22 ± 86.61 | 0.208 |
| oleic (18:1 n-9) | 37.45 ± 19.63 | 23.32 ± 14.52 | 0.42 | 164.45 ± 107.33* | 35.88 ± 27.05 | <0.001 | 38.23 ± 19.97 | 45.89 ± 32.5 | 0.696 |
| linoleic (18:2 n-6) | 22.1 ± 12.13* | 14.43 ± 9.57 | 0.067 | 33.24 ± 16.2* | 10.97 ± 4.96 | <0.001 | 13.63 ± 6.71 | 19.2 ± 12.21† | 0.261 |
| α-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 1.08 ± 0.85* | 0.83 ± 0.78 | 0.447 | 2.27 ± 1.34* | 0.77 ± 0.58 | <0.001 | 0.75 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.81 | 0.374 |
| γ-linolenic (18:3 n-3) | 0.49 ± 0.15 | 0.51 ± 0.33 | 0.792 | 0.4 ± 0.29* | 0.26 ± 0.13 | 0.178 | 0.47 ± 0.21* | 0.48 ± 0.24† | 0.941 |
| dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3 n-6) | 0.38 ± 0.16 | 0.28 ± 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.13* | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.024 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.379 |
| arachidonic (20:4 n-6) | 4.33 ± 2.36 | 3.24 ± 1.02 | 0.032 | 2.42 ± 1.13* | 1.48 ± 0.43 | 0.106 | 1.69 ± 0.47 | 2.02 ± 0.62 | 0.606 |
| eicosapentaenoic (20:5 n-3) | 0.34 ± 0.2 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.074 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.845 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.363 |
| adrenic (22:4 n-6) | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.212 | 0.17 ± 0.1* | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.003 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.568 |
| n3 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-3) | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.095 | 0.36 ± 0.23* | 0.15 ± 0.04† | <0.001 | 0.14 ± 0.05* | 0.16 ± 0.06† | 0.68 |
| docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) | 1.06 ± 0.33 | 0.73 ± 0.28 | 0.108 | 1.99 ± 1.09* | 0.78 ± 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.72 ± 0.34 | 0.88 ± 0.29 | 0.534 |
| n6 docosapentaenoic (22:5 n-6) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.128 | 0.15 ± 0.15 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.221 | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | 0.343 |
| Total | 459.21 ± 216.83 | 246.73 ± 142.14 | 0.019 | 690.64 ± 469.72* | 168.72 ± 153.39 | <0.001 | 167.2 ± 180.71 | 249.43 ± 150.25 | 0.436 |
Values expressed as mean ± SD
*
p value < 0.05 maternal vs fetal in control group
†
p value < 0.05 maternal vs fetal in MNR group