Table 2.

Main causes of excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents

Excessive daytime sleepiness with insufficient sleep	Excessive daytime sleepiness with fragmented sleep	Excessive daytime sleepiness with increased sleep need
• Sleep deprivation	• Respiratory disorders related to sleep (obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, upper airway respiratory syndrome, hypoventilation, central sleep apnoea syndrome)	• Neurological disorders (head trauma and increased intracranial pressure)
• Inadequate sleep hygiene
• Insomnia disorders (primary or secondary to somatic or psychiatric pathologies)
• Circadian rhythm disorders (delayed sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake schedule and sleep entrainment difficulties)	• Movement disorders related to sleep (periodic limb movements during sleep, restless leg syndrome, bruxism, head banging and body rocking)	• Hypersomnia secondary to medical disorders (infectious or metabolic diseases)
• Use of stimulant medications/drugs	• Parasomnias (nocturnal terrors, confusional arousals and sleepwalking)	• Use of sedative medications/drugs
	• Somatic pathologies (asthma, eczema, cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux and epilepsy)	• Recurrent hypersomnia (depression, Kleine-Levin syndrome and menstrual-associated)
	• Environmental causes (noise, light and cosleeping)	• Central hypersomnia (idiopathic hypersomnia and primary or secondary narcolepsy)