Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patient population
| Variable* | All (n = 442) | Non-Diabetic (n = 296) | Prediabetic (n = 76) | Diabetic (n = 70) | P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (43, 66) | 53 (38, 65) | 59 (52, 68) | 61.5 (56, 67) | <0.001 |
| Female | 228 (51.6%) | 152 (51.4%) | 39 (51.3%) | 37 (52.9%) | 0.97 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.33 | ||||
| White | 323 (75.6%) | 225 (78.4%) | 53 (71.6%) | 45 (68.2%) | |
| Black | 60 (14.1%) | 35 (12.2%) | 12 (16.2%) | 13 (19.7%) | |
| Asian | 17 (4.0%) | 10 (3.5%) | 3 (4.1%) | 4 (6.1%) | |
| Hispanic | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Other | 26 (6.1%) | 17 (5.9%) | 5 (6.8%) | 4 (6.1%) | |
| Black | 60 (14.1%) | 35 (12.2%) | 12 (16.2%) | 13 (19.7%) | 0.24 |
| Anthropometric Data | |||||
| BSA (m2), median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.1) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.1) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) | 0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 27.3 (23.7, 31.4) | 25.8 (23.2, 30.4) | 27.5 (23.9, 32.3) | 29.7 (25.9, 37.5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 126.0 (116.0, 138.0) | 126.0 (114.0, 136.0) | 129.5 (121.5, 139.5) | 126.0 (118.0, 139.0) | 0.11 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 75.0 (65.0, 84.0) | 75.0 (65.0, 84.0) | 74.0 (65.5, 84.0) | 73.0 (65.0, 83.0) | 0.92 |
| Heart Rate (bpm), median (IQR) | 70.5 (62.0, 81.0) | 70.0 (61.0, 79.0) | 70.0 (60.0, 83.0) | 78.0 (67.0, 88.0) | 0.01 |
| Inpatient | 138 (31.2%) | 73 (24.7%) | 33 (43.4%) | 32 (45.7%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical Data | |||||
| Current Smoker | 27 (6.3%) | 20 (6.9%) | 3 (4.2%) | 4 (6.0%) | 0.68 |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 93 (21.0%) | 60 (20.3%) | 20 (26.3%) | 13 (18.6%) | 0.44 |
| History of hypertension | 235 (53.2%) | 141 (47.6%) | 41 (53.9%) | 53 (75.7%) | <0.001 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 175 (39.6%) | 96 (32.4%) | 38 (50.0%) | 41 (58.6%) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CAD | 204 (49.0%) | 128 (46.0%) | 29 (40.8%) | 47 (70.1%) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, median (IQR) | 5.5 (5.2, 6.1) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.4) | 6.0 (5.8, 6.2) | 6.5 (5.9, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit, median (IQR) | 39.9 (35.6, 43.2) | 40.7 (37.0, 43.7) | 37.4 (34.7, 41.4) | 38.5 (33.3, 42.1) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min), median (IQR) | 79.7 (65.2, 103.1) | 79.7 (65.4, 100.6) | 79.0 (63.9, 105.9) | 80.1 (64.0, 103.8) | 0.96 |
| ARIC Heart Failure Risk Score | |||||
| ARIC HF risk score (%), median (IQR) | 3.5 (0.8, 10.5) | 2.3 (0.4, 7.9) | 4.4 (1.3, 13.6) | 12.1 (6.0, 24.3) | <0.001 |
| ARIC HF risk score categories | <0.001 | ||||
| <5.0% | 250 (56.6%) | 193 (65.2%) | 43 (56.6%) | 14 (20.0%) | |
| 5.0–9.9% | 78 (17.6%) | 49 (16.6%) | 11 (14.5%) | 18 (25.7%) | |
| 10.0–19.9% | 53 (12.0%) | 27 (9.1%) | 10 (13.2%) | 16 (22.9%) | |
| ≥20.0% | 61 (13.8%) | 27 (9.1%) | 12 (15.8%) | 22 (31.4%) | |
| Medications Use | |||||
| RAAS inhibitors | 157 (35.5%) | 93 (31.4%) | 26 (34.2%) | 38 (54.3%) | 0.002 |
| ACE | 94 (21.3%) | 55 (18.6%) | 18 (23.7%) | 21 (30.0%) | 0.09 |
| ARB | 54 (12.2%) | 36 (12.2%) | 6 (7.9%) | 12 (17.1%) | 0.23 |
| Spironolactone | 20 (4.5%) | 7 (2.4%) | 4 (5.3%) | 9 (12.9%) | <0.001 |
| β-blockers | 192 (43.8%) | 116 (39.3%) | 34 (45.9%) | 42 (60.9%) | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 75 (17.2%) | 43 (14.8%) | 16 (21.1%) | 16 (22.9%) | 0.17 |
| HMG reductase inhibitors | 158 (36.0%) | 81 (27.6%) | 38 (50.0%) | 39 (55.7%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 110 (25.1%) | 65 (22.2%) | 17 (22.4%) | 28 (40.6%) | 0.01 |
| Digoxin | 23 (5.3%) | 14 (4.8%) | 1 (1.3%) | 8 (11.6%) | 0.02 |
| Anticoagulants | 86 (19.8%) | 52 (17.9%) | 22 (29.3%) | 12 (17.4%) | 0.08 |
| Warfarin use | 67 (15.2%) | 41 (13.9%) | 17 (22.7%) | 9 (12.9%) | 0.14 |
| Heparin use | 20 (4.6%) | 11 (3.8%) | 5 (6.6%) | 4 (5.8%) | 0.51 |
| Antiplatelets | 140 (32.0%) | 83 (28.1%) | 29 (38.2%) | 28 (41.8%) | 0.04 |
| Aspirin | 133 (30.2%) | 79 (26.7%) | 26 (34.2%) | 28 (40.6%) | 0.054 |
| Thienopyridines | 21 (4.8%) | 11 (3.7%) | 8 (10.5%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0.04 |
| Hypoglycemics | 56 (14.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 56 (80%) | <0.001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 29 (0.07%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 29 (41.4%) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 27 (0.07%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 27 (38.6%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac MRI Findings | |||||
| LA Volume [Index] (ml/m2) | 82.3 (62.4, 108.1) | 83.5 (61.8, 106.3) | 87.1 (61.7, 114.9) | 76.8 (64.9, 109.9) | 0.59 |
| LVEDV [Index] (ml/m2) | 120.0 (99.0, 151.0) | 124.0 (103.0, 151.5) | 112.5 (91.0, 153.5) | 106.0 (90.0, 136.0) | 0.01 |
| LVESV [Index] (ml/m2) | 38.0 (27.0, 52.0) | 40.0 (28.0, 52.0) | 36.0 (26.5, 53.0) | 33.0 (26.0, 51.0) | 0.20 |
| LVSV [Index] (ml/m2) | 82.0 (67.0, 98.0) | 85.0 (69.0, 100.5) | 77.5 (66.5, 96.0) | 69.5 (61.0, 91.0) | 0.003 |
| LVEF (%) | 68.0 (61.0, 74.0) | 67.5 (62.0, 74.0) | 68.0 (61.0, 74.0) | 69.0 (58.0, 74.0) | 0.95 |
| LV CO [Index] (l/min/m2) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.5) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.3) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.5) | 0.07 |
| LV Mass [Index] (g/m2) | 60.9 (51.5, 70.5) | 60.6 (50.6, 70.5) | 58.3 (51.3, 70.9) | 62.1 (53.9, 71.0) | 0.55 |
| RVEDV [Index] (ml/m2) | 135.0 (104.0, 167.0) | 139.0 (111.5, 168.5) | 126.0 (96.0, 157.0) | 124.0 (95.0, 161.0) | 0.01 |
| RVESV [Index] (ml/m2) | 57.0 (43.0, 76.0) | 57.5 (44.0, 78.0) | 57.0 (36.0, 72.5) | 53.5 (38.0, 76.0) | 0.11 |
| RVSV [Index] (ml/m2) | 76.0 (61.0, 93.0) | 79.5 (63.5, 96.0) | 74.0 (58.5, 86.5) | 65.0 (55.0, 88.0) | 0.002 |
| RVEF (%) | 57.0 (52.0, 62.0) | 57.0 (52.0, 62.0) | 58.0 (52.0, 63.0) | 57.0 (51.0, 62.0) | 0.65 |
| ECV (%) | 28.5 (26.1, 31.3) | 27.9 (25.9, 31.0) | 29.1 (26.5, 31.4) | 30.3 (27.8, 33.0) | 0.001 |
| Native T1 Time (msec) | 1170 (1043, 1252) | 1120 (1047, 1255) | 1100 (1031, 1229) | 1110 (1028, 1280) | 0.027 |
| Scar, median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.01 |
| Any Scar | 89 (20.1%) | 49 (16.6%) | 16 (21.1%) | 24 (34.3%) | 0.004 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Death | 52 (11.8%) | 22 (7.4%) | 13 (17.1%) | 17 (24.3%) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 23 (5.2%) | 9 (3.0%) | 3 (3.9%) | 11 (15.7%) | <0.001 |
| Composite event | 68 (15.4%) | 26 (8.8%) | 15 (19.7%) | 27 (38.6%) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time (months) | 24.5 (14.8, 33.4) | 24.2 (15.3, 31.8) | 27.3 (18.0, 35.6) | 21.5 (10.9, 35.7) | 0.14 |
*
Values are in number (%) unless otherwise indicated
BMI = body mass index; BSA = body surface area; BP = blood pressure; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; HMG = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl; LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricular; RV = right ventricular; EDV = end diastolic volume; ESV = end systolic volume; SV = stroke volume; EF = ejection fraction; ECV = extracellular volume; ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities; HF = heart failure