Table 2.
Extrinsic factors affecting ER expression
| Factors/signaling pathways | Cell model(s) | Effect on ER expression | Level of regulation (mechanism) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17β-Estradiol | MCF-7 | ↓ |
Transcriptional Posttranscriptional Posttranslational |
[26, 27, 29, 30, 34, 187] |
| Epidermal growth factor | MCF-7 | ↓ |
Transcriptional Posttranscriptional |
[152, 188] |
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 | MCF-7 | ↓ | Transcriptional | [154] |
| Transforming growth factor β 1 | MCF-7 | ↓ | Transcriptional | [153] |
| Tumor necrosis factor ⍺ | MCF-7, ZR-75-1 | ↓ | Posttranslational | [189] |
| 27-Hydroxycholesterol | MCF-7 | ↓ | Posttranslational | [190] |
| Oncostatin M | MCF-7, T47D | ↓ | N/A | [191] |
| Prolactin | MCF-7 | ↑ | N/A | [192] |
| Reactive oxygen species | MCF-7 | ↓ | N/A | [193] |
| Heavy metals | MCF-7 | ↓ | N/A | [194] |
| Cadmium | MCF-7 | ↓ | Transcriptional | [195] |
| ERK/MAPK | MCF-7 | ↓ | Transcriptional | [120, 121, 196] |
| p38 MAPK | MCF-7 | ↓ | Posttranslational | [197] |
| PI3K/mTOR/Akt | MCF-7, T47D | ↓ | Transcriptional | [122] |
| Hypoxia | MCF-7, ZR-75-1 | ↓ |
Transcriptional Posttranslational |
[158, 198] |
| IL-1β | MCF-7 | ↓ | Transcriptional | [199] |