Table 2.
The role of community-level factors on the frequency of prenatal care services.
| Variables | Rural sample | Urban sample | Overall sample | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any care (yes = 1) | Frequency of visits | Any care (yes = 1) | Frequency of visits | Any care (yes = 1) | Frequency of visits | |||||||
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
| Age at birth | 1.168*** | [1.052–1.295] | 1.081*** | [1.024–1.142] | 1.190* | [0.984–1.441] | 1.066 | [0.887–1.281] | 1.173*** | [1.070–1.286] | 1.075** | [1.014–1.140] |
| Age at birth squared | 0.997*** | [0.996–0.999] | 0.999** | [0.998–1.000] | 0.997* | [0.994–1.000] | 0.999 | [0.996–1.002] | 0.997*** | [0.996–0.999] | 0.999** | [0.998–1.000] |
| Education (years) | 1.062*** | [1.017–1.108] | 1.043*** | [1.020–1.066] | 1.092** | [1.014–1.176] | 1.201*** | [1.130–1.276] | 1.067*** | [1.028–1.107] | 1.072*** | [1.049–1.096] |
| Employed | 0.943 | [0.739–1.202] | 1.031 | [0.917–1.160] | 1.356* | [0.954–1.926] | 1.167 | [0.945–1.440] | 1.056 | [0.864–1.290] | 1.068 | [0.964–1.184] |
| Health insurance | 7.252* | [0.978–53.776] | 1.810** | [1.143–2.866] | 1.289 | [0.627–2.649] | 1.740*** | [1.257–2.410] | 1.822* | [0.945–3.513] | 2.011*** | [1.554–2.602] |
| Married | 1.535* | [0.951–2.477] | 1.465*** | [1.163–1.844] | 1.637 | [0.883–3.034] | 1.618** | [1.018–2.570] | 1.556** | [1.065–2.271] | 1.497*** | [1.196–1.874] |
| Pregnancy wanted later | 0.780** | [0.625–0.974] | 0.834*** | [0.737–0.943] | 0.713* | [0.485–1.048] | 0.939 | [0.726–1.213] | 0.755*** | [0.625–0.912] | 0.860*** | [0.767–0.963] |
| Births in last 5 years | 0.492*** | [0.406–0.596] | 0.695*** | [0.624–0.773] | 0.552*** | [0.393–0.775] | 0.650*** | [0.497–0.849] | 0.506*** | [0.430–0.596] | 0.688*** | [0.621–0.763] |
| Reads newspapers (at least once a week) | 1.252 | [0.954–1.645] | 1.297*** | [1.136–1.482] | 1.301 | [0.869–1.946] | 1.285** | [1.030–1.603] | 1.265** | [1.005–1.594] | 1.334*** | [1.186–1.501] |
| Listen to radio (at least once a week) | 1.211* | [0.970–1.511] | 1.217*** | [1.095–1.352] | 1.556** | [1.064–2.278] | 1.150 | [0.880–1.503] | 1.300*** | [1.070–1.580] | 1.218*** | [1.096–1.353] |
| Household size | 0.954** | [0.917–0.993] | 0.978** | [0.958–0.999] | 0.976 | [0.907–1.049] | 0.983 | [0.938–1.030] | 0.964** | [0.931–0.999] | 0.978** | [0.959–0.997] |
| Low wealth (quintiles 1 &2) | 0.990 | [0.762–1.288] | 0.901 | [0.781–1.040] | 0.746 | [0.357–1.557] | 0.943 | [0.358–2.486] | 1.027 | [0.801–1.316] | 0.961 | [0.838–1.103] |
| High wealth (quintiles 4 & 5) | 1.400 | [0.922–2.126] | 1.042 | [0.840–1.291] | 1.036 | [0.568–1.887] | 1.257 | [0.832–1.899] | 1.060 | [0.790–1.423] | 1.159* | [0.976–1.378] |
| Community-level variables | ||||||||||||
| Family planning (% in cluster) | 3.240** | [1.284–8.174] | 1.271 | [0.828–1.949] | 3.397** | [1.259–9.168] | 1.859 | [0.874–3.955] | 3.084*** | [1.474–6.453] | 1.466* | [0.985–2.182] |
| Christians (% in cluster) | 2.432** | [1.094–5.405] | 0.789 | [0.571–1.092] | 1.986 | [0.736–5.360] | 1.436 | [0.811–2.543] | 2.219** | [1.170–4.208] | 0.961 | [0.719–1.286] |
| Log (number of nurses) | 6.946*** | [3.491–13.821] | 0.428*** | [0.293–0.624] | 2.530 | [0.831–7.705] | 1.227 | [0.597–2.520] | 5.632*** | [3.007–10.547] | 0.569*** | [0.402–0.804] |
| Log health expenditures | 1.144 | [0.906–1.444] | 1.237*** | [1.094–1.397] | 1.785*** | [1.190–2.679] | 1.310** | [1.030–1.665] | 1.284** | [1.048–1.574] | 1.269*** | [1.134–1.419] |
| Year of survey is 2010/11 | 0.480*** | [0.347–0.665] | 1.076 | [0.910–1.272] | 0.640* | [0.378–1.083] | 0.626*** | [0.444–0.882] | 0.515*** | [0.391–0.678] | 0.928 | [0.797–1.082] |
| District hospital | 2.497** | [1.080–5.773] | 1.295 | [0.789–2.124] | 5.465*** | [3.288–9.083] | 1.245 | [0.547–0.960] | ||||
| Observations | 5982 | 5458 | 2471 | 2264 | 8453 | 7722 | ||||||
| Chi-square statistic (all variables) | 162.468 | 270.312 | 122.384 | 258.507 | 267.807 | 517.595 | ||||||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.076 | <0.001 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Chi-square statistic (community factors only) | 33.311 | 39.271 | 17.249 | 9.977 | 46.298 | 34.733 | ||||||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.076 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Notes: All estimates are weighted to be nationally representative. The estimates shown are coefficient estimates from the two-part model.
***
Significance at 1% level;
**
significance at 5% level;
*
significance at 10% level (all are based on robust standard errors).
All the chi-square statistics are in comparison to the full model. The reference category for household wealth is quintile 3 (average wealth). CI = Confidence interval. The dependent variables are (1) any care (binary) and (2) total number of prenatal care visits completed for the most recent pregnancy.