Table 3.
The role of community-level factors on first trimester prenatal care use.
| Variables | Rural sample | Urban sample | Overall sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
| Age at birth | 1.054 | [0.977–1.138] | 1.189** | [1.020–1.385] | 1.082** | [1.011–1.158] |
| Age at birth squared | 0.999 | [0.998–1.000] | 0.997** | [0.994–1.000] | 0.999** | [0.997–1.000] |
| Education (years) | 1.007 | [0.980–1.034] | 1.088*** | [1.028–1.151] | 1.023* | [0.999–1.048] |
| Employed | 1.066 | [0.927–1.226] | 1.042 | [0.852–1.276] | 1.073 | [0.958–1.202] |
| Health insurance | 1.291 | [0.918–1.817] | 1.769*** | [1.386–2.258] | 1.658*** | [1.365–2.015] |
| Married | 1.152 | [0.812–1.636] | 1.751** | [1.081–2.839] | 1.315* | [0.994–1.741] |
| Pregnancy wanted later | 0.873* | [0.745–1.024] | 0.985 | [0.780–1.245] | 0.899 | [0.789–1.025] |
| Births in last 5 years | 0.785*** | [0.686–0.899] | 0.581*** | [0.440–0.768] | 0.735*** | [0.652–0.828] |
| Reads newspapers (at least once a week) | 1.204** | [1.040–1.393] | 1.065 | [0.845–1.342] | 1.157** | [1.024–1.308] |
| Listen to radio (at least once a week) | 1.159** | [1.018–1.320] | 1.132 | [0.890–1.440] | 1.156** | [1.031–1.297] |
| Household size | 0.970** | [0.944–0.998] | 1.009 | [0.963–1.057] | 0.981 | [0.959–1.004] |
| Low wealth (quintiles 1 &2) | 0.879 | [0.744–1.040] | 1.000 | [0.196–5.108] | 0.919 | [0.782–1.079] |
| High wealth (quintiles 4 & 5) | 1.121 | [0.909–1.382] | 1.315 | [0.737–2.345] | 1.062 | [0.890–1.268] |
| Community-level variables | ||||||
| Family planning (% in cluster) | 1.136 | [0.714–1.807] | 0.927 | [0.461–1.866] | 1.041 | [0.704–1.539] |
| Christians (% in cluster) | 1.050 | [0.731–1.508] | 1.169 | [0.680–2.009] | 1.045 | [0.778–1.404] |
| Log (number of nurses) | 0.836 | [0.561–1.245] | 1.135 | [0.586–2.197] | 0.885 | [0.630–1.241] |
| Log health expenditures | 1.293*** | [1.136–1.473] | 1.129 | [0.948–1.345] | 1.237*** | [1.114–1.374] |
| Year of survey is 2010/11 | 0.867 | [0.722–1.041] | 0.679*** | [0.510–0.906] | 0.810*** | [0.695–0.943] |
| District hospital | 1.585* | [0.991–2.535] | 1.460*** | [1.118–1.907] | ||
| Observations | 5982 | 2471 | 8453 | |||
| Chi-square statistic (all variables) | 134.341 | 132.128 | 241.179 | |||
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Chi-square statistic (community factors only) | 17.147 | 16.090 | 47.319 | |||
| P-value | 0.002 | 0.007 | <0.001 | |||
Notes: All estimates are weighted to be nationally representative.
***
Significance at 1% level;
**
significance at 5% level;
*
significance at 10% level (all are based on robust standard errors).
All the chi-square statistics are in comparison to the full model. The outcome variable is a binary variable taking 1 if woman sought prenatal care in the first three months of pregnancy and 0 otherwise. CI = Confidence interval.