Table 4.
The role of community-level factors on the quality of prenatal care utilization.
| Variables | Rural sample | Urban sample | Overall sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
| Age at birth | 1.102*** | [1.044–1.163] | 1.119** | [1.025–1.221] | 1.099*** | [1.049–1.152] |
| Age at birth squared | 0.999*** | [0.998–1.000] | 0.998** | [0.997–1.000] | 0.999*** | [0.998–1.000] |
| Education (years) | 1.085*** | [1.062–1.108] | 1.055*** | [1.022–1.090] | 1.079*** | [1.059–1.098] |
| Employed | 1.048 | [0.940–1.169] | 1.138** | [1.014–1.278] | 1.058 | [0.974–1.150] |
| Health insurance | 1.472*** | [1.184–1.830] | 1.152** | [1.002–1.326] | 1.227*** | [1.091–1.380] |
| Married | 1.031 | [0.833–1.275] | 1.253 | [0.957–1.641] | 1.110 | [0.941–1.309] |
| Pregnancy wanted later | 0.844*** | [0.755–0.943] | 0.748*** | [0.638–0.877] | 0.818*** | [0.747–0.896] |
| Births in last 5 years | 0.677*** | [0.609–0.752] | 0.777*** | [0.653–0.925] | 0.696*** | [0.636–0.762] |
| Reads newspapers (at least once a week) | 1.328*** | [1.185–1.489] | 1.174** | [1.023–1.347] | 1.277*** | [1.168–1.396] |
| Listen to radio (at least once a week) | 1.157*** | [1.048–1.278] | 1.257*** | [1.067–1.481] | 1.204*** | [1.105–1.311] |
| Household size | 0.980** | [0.963–0.997] | 1.006 | [0.977–1.036] | 0.985** | [0.970–1.000] |
| Low wealth (quintiles 1 &2) | 0.838*** | [0.741–0.947] | 0.889 | [0.428–1.847] | 0.833*** | [0.740–0.936] |
| High wealth (quintiles 4 & 5) | 1.136 | [0.975–1.325] | 1.225 | [0.917–1.636] | 1.203*** | [1.056–1.369] |
| Community-level variables | ||||||
| Family planning (% in cluster) | 1.517* | [0.971–2.369] | 1.548* | [0.954–2.512] | 1.562** | [1.107–2.206] |
| Religious composition (% Christians in cluster) | 1.491** | [1.060–2.096] | 1.331 | [0.931–1.903] | 1.497*** | [1.147–1.953] |
| Log (number of nurses) | 2.767*** | [1.833–4.175] | 2.597*** | [1.698–3.971] | 2.770*** | [1.997–3.843] |
| Log health expenditures | 1.101** | [1.008–1.204] | 1.114* | [0.993–1.250] | 1.111*** | [1.034–1.194] |
| Year of survey is 2010/11 | 1.199** | [1.018–1.413] | 0.956 | [0.796–1.148] | 1.125* | [0.989–1.279] |
| District hospital | 2.512*** | [1.843–3.423] | 2.503*** | [1.969–3.183] | ||
| Observations | 5982 | 2471 | 8453 | |||
| Chi-square statistic (all variables) | 503.918 | 179.449 | 732.266 | |||
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| Chi-square statistic (community factors only) | 33.679 | 41.617 | 66.216 | |||
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
Notes: All estimates are weighted to be nationally representative.
***
Significance at 1% level;
**
significance at 5% level;
*
significance at 10% level (all are based on robust standard errors).
All the chi-square statistics are in comparison to the full model. The outcome variable is a continuous index measuring the quality of prenatal care ranging from 0 to 7. CI = Confidence interval.