Table 3.
Effects of state unionization on log weekly wages for fulltime, nonunion workers in the private sector, 1977-2015
| Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|
| State-level measures | ||
| Public sector unionization | .049 (.045) | .136** (.045) |
| Private sector unionization | .275 (.146) | .079 (.145) |
| Proportion of workforce in public sector | −.325 (.183) | −.344 (.207) |
| Lagged employment rate | −.084 (.245) | −.222 (.275) |
| GDP | .076*** (.010) | .062*** (.012) |
| GDP growth | −.185*** (.026) | −.129*** (.023) |
| Proportion with at least a BA | .726*** (.123) | .833*** (.123) |
| Risk of automation | .186*** (.046) | .068 (.054) |
| Proportion in manufacturing | −.112 (.114) | .037 (.128) |
| Individual-level controls | ||
| Race (ref.=white) | ||
| Black | −.170*** (.005) | −.076*** (.006) |
| Hispanic | −.199*** (.014) | −.132*** (.013) |
| Other | −.101*** (.009) | −.053*** (.008) |
| Missing | −.019*** (.005) | −.007 (.009) |
| Experience | .039*** (.001) | .024*** (.000) |
| Experience squared | −.001*** (.000) | −.000*** (.000) |
| Education (ref.=less than HS) | ||
| HS | .147*** (.006) | .125*** (.008) |
| Some college | .243 *** (.007) | .220*** (.009) |
| At least 4 years of college | .502*** (.010) | .459*** (.011) |
| Hours worked per week | .020*** (.000) | .026*** (.000) |
| Metro (ref.=in city) | ||
| In rest of SMSA | −.096*** (.007) | −.124*** (.007) |
| Not in SMSA | −.041** (.013) | −.086*** (.012) |
| Region (ref.=northeast) | ||
| North central | −.004 (.017) | −.005 (.014) |
| South | .021 (.018) | .023 (.018) |
| West | .061*** (.016) | .055*** (.016) |
| Intercept | 4.611*** (.258) | 4.864*** (.282) |
| N | 1,202,178 | 1,033,069 |
| Number of parameters | 86 | 86 |
| R2 | .514 | .519 |
Notes: Robust standard errors clustered by state are in parentheses. All models also include year and occupation fixed-effects. Statistical significance (two-tailed tests) is indicated by:
***
p<.001
**
p<.01
*
p<.05.